{"id":12078,"date":"2017-01-29T14:13:52","date_gmt":"2017-01-29T13:13:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/?p=12078"},"modified":"2017-02-01T18:44:06","modified_gmt":"2017-02-01T17:44:06","slug":"proteini-o-proteinih-proteini","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/proteini-o-proteinih-proteini\/","title":{"rendered":"Proteini"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Osnovni gradbeni elementi proteinov so aminokisline, te se povezujejo v peptide, ti pa v makromolekularne strukture, ki jih imenujemo proteini. <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>AMINOKISLINE \u2013 organske molekule s karboksilno in amino skupino<\/li>\n<li>PEPTIDI \u2013 ve\u010d AK povezanih z amidno vezjo<\/li>\n<li>PROTEINI \u2013 polimeri iz razli\u010dnih L \u2013 AK<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>KEMIJSKE ZNA\u010cILNOSTI AK<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>dipolarna ionska oblika (pri pH = 7,4)<\/li>\n<li>stereoizometrija (L, D su\u010dne )<\/li>\n<li>karboksilna skupina (pKa = 2,3)<\/li>\n<li>aminska skupina (pKa = 9,7)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>STRANSKA VERIGA\u00a0 AK in njen vpliv na lastnosti AK<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dolo\u010da:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>velikost<\/li>\n<li>polarnost<\/li>\n<li>naboj<\/li>\n<li>kemijsko reaktivnost<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>NEPOLARNE\u00a0 AK<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Gly, Ala, Val, Lev, Ile, Pro, Met, Pha, Trp<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Imajo:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>alifatske stranske verige<\/li>\n<li>aromatske stranske verige<\/li>\n<li>tvorijo trodimenzionalne strukture<\/li>\n<li>so hidrofobne<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>POLARNE, NENABITE\u00a0 AK<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ser, Thr, Cys, Tys, Asn, Gln<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Imajo:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>v strukturi N, O ali S<\/li>\n<li>tiolno skupino \u00ae disulfidne vezi<\/li>\n<li>so hidrofilne<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>POLARNE, NABITE\u00a0 AK<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Asp, Glu, Lys, Arg, His<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>v strukturi imajo funkcionalne skupine z bazi\u010dnimi in kislimi lastnostmi<\/li>\n<li>so hidrofilne<\/li>\n<li>Imajo tri prevojne to\u010dke pri TK<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>METODE LO\u010cEVANJA\u00a0 AK<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>kromatografija (HPLC) lo\u010devanje po ionskem naboju AK<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>flourescen\u010dna metoda (fluoreskamin, danzilklorid)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>POLIPEPTIDI\u00a0 IN\u00a0 PROTEINI<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>dipeptidi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>kondenzacija \u00ae tripeptidi, \u2026dekapeptidi<\/li>\n<li>10 \u2013 100 AK \u00ae polipeptidi<\/li>\n<li>&gt; 100 AK \u00ae proteini<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>PROTEINI\u00a0 V\u00a0 CELICI<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mr: 220 \u2013 220 000 Da<\/li>\n<li>Imajo zelo pomembno funkcijo<\/li>\n<li>Molekule proteinov so lahko enostavne ali pa sestavljene-glikoproteini.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CEPITEV\u00a0 PEPTIDNIH\u00a0 VEZI<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>hidroliza: &#8211; s kislino (HCl)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8211; z bazo<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; z encimi (peptidaze)<\/p>\n<p><strong>SINTEZA\u00a0 PROTEINOV<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>najprej je potrebna aktivacija AK<\/li>\n<li>informacija za sintezo je zapisana v zaporedju nukleotidov DNA<\/li>\n<li>Proteini so: encimi, strukturni proteini,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>obrambni proteini, transportni in skladi\u0161\u010dni proteini, regulatorni in gibalni proteini.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>enostavni proteini: tripsin, kimotripsin, (v strukturi so samo AK)<\/li>\n<li>konjugirani proteini (v strukturi so AK + prosteti\u010dna grupa)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>primer:Hb (hem + globin)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>OBLIKA\u00a0 PROTEINOV<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>fibrilarni proteini (omogo\u010dajo trdnost celice, so nepolarni, primeri:kolagen,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>keratin)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>globularni proteini (so transportni proteini, encimi, IG)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>imajo polarno strukturo<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>PRIMARNA STRUKTURA PROTEINOV<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dolo\u010dena je z zaporedjem AK \u2013 ostankov v proteinu. AK so povezane s peptidnimi vezmi v linearno strukturo. Peptidna vez nastane med NH2 in COOH skupino, imenujemo jo tudi amidna vez.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>SEKUNDARNA STRUKTURA PROTEINOV<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Strukturo sestavljajo ponavljajo\u010de verige (a, b). Sre\u010damo jih v proteinski strukturi ve\u010dine encimov in nekaterih hormonov.<\/p>\n<p><strong>TERCIARNA STRUKTURA PROTEINOV <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Primer je molekula mioglobina pri kitu glava\u010du. Molekulo \u00a0sestavlja \u00a0osem alfa vija\u010dnic.<\/p>\n<p><strong>KVARTARNA STRUKTURA PROTEINOV \u2013 molekula hemoglobina, ki vklju\u010duje elemente sekundarne, terciarne in kvarterne strukture<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>NAJPOMEMBNEJ\u0160E SKUPINE PROTEINOV<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>ENCIMI<\/p>\n<p>HEMOGLOBINI<\/p>\n<p>TRANSPORTNI PROTEINI<\/p>\n<p>OBRAMBNI PROTEINI<\/p>\n<p>STRUKTURNI PROTEINI<\/p>\n<p><strong>ENCIMI <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Katalizatorji reakcij v telesu <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>zni\u017eajo aktivacijsko energijo reakcije<\/li>\n<li>ravnote\u017eja reakcije ne spreminjajo<\/li>\n<li>med reakcijo se ne porabijo<\/li>\n<li>vplivajo samo na hitrost E reakcije<\/li>\n<li>delujejo na substrat (specifi\u010den, nespecifi\u010den)<\/li>\n<li>v reakciji s substratom tvorijo kompleks ES<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>ZNA\u010cILNOSTI ENCIMSKE REAKCIJE<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Za delovanje encima je potreben substrat-specifi\u010den, nespecifi\u010den<\/li>\n<li>Hitrost ER zavisi od koncentracije S<\/li>\n<li>uo, umax , KM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Primeri encimov in substratov<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ALT (alanin),SS<\/li>\n<li>AST (aspartat), SS<\/li>\n<li>AF (estri fosforne k.), NS<\/li>\n<li>Tripsin (peptidi), NS<\/li>\n<li>Lipaza (TG), NS<\/li>\n<li>Amilaza (\u0161krob), SS<\/li>\n<li>ADH, ALDH.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>MICHAELIS \u2013 MENTENOVA ENA\u010cBA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>E + S\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2194\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ES\u00a0\u00a0 \u2194\u00a0 E + P<\/p>\n<p>ES \u00ae P + prosti E<\/p>\n<p>ES \u00ae prosti E in S<\/p>\n<p>KM \u00ae tista koncentracija substrata, pri\u00a0\u00a0 kateri je za\u010detna hitrost reakcije enaka \u00a0\u00bd v<sub>max.<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>KM: 1 x 10 -1 M\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 1 x 10 -8 M<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>AKTIVNI CENTER &#8211; KATALITI\u010cNI CENTER <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Aktivni center encima ve\u017ee substrat.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Struktura aktivnega centra:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>funkcionalne kemijske skupine<\/li>\n<li>reagira z molekulami substrata<\/li>\n<li>je specif\u010den za posamezen encim<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Primer: KATALITI\u010cNI CENTER AF<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2 atoma cinka<\/li>\n<li>1 atom magnezija<\/li>\n<li>Ak zaporedje: <strong>Tr \u2013 Asp- Ser \u2013 Ala<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>AF-E- coli <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>VRSTE KATALIZE<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Neencimska kataliza \u2013 hidroliza estrov in amidov s kislinami ali bazami. Poteka s prenosom protona, encim ni prisoten.<\/li>\n<li>Kataliza s kovinskim ionom (Na, Mg,Zn, Cu, ..). Primer: metaloencimi v dihalni verigi.<\/li>\n<li>Kovalentna kataliza (serin proteaze-himotripsin, kovalentni intermediat).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>INHIBICIJA ENCIMOV<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Encime lahko inaktivirajo toksini,zdravila, kovinski ioni, nekatere molekule.<\/p>\n<p>Inhibicija E je:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ireverzibilna: inhibitor se ve\u017ee na E s kovalentno\u00a0 \u017div\u010dni bojni strupi (DIFP) se ve\u017eejo na ACE, ). Delovanje ASK.<\/li>\n<li>reverzibilna: inhibitor se ve\u017ee na encim. Inhibicija je: kompetitivna<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>nekompetitivna<\/p>\n<p>akompetitivna<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>KOENCIMI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Koencimi so pomembni za delovanje encimov.<\/p>\n<p>Koencimi so lahko:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>organske molekule (\u0161ibka vezava na E)<\/li>\n<li>kompleksne molekule (za\u010dasna vezava)<\/li>\n<li>prosteti\u010dne grupe (mo\u010dna vezava na E)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Koencimi so:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<ol>\n<li>Vodotopni vitamini: niacin, tiamin, pantotenska kislina, biotin, FK, LK, holin, B12,\u00a0 askorbinska kislina).<\/li>\n<li>Lipidotopni vitamini: retinol, tokoferol, filokinon, holekalciferol.<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>ALOSTERI\u010cNI ENCIMI<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>oligomeri<\/li>\n<li>regulatorni encimi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Alosteri\u010dni encimi so encimi glikolize, dihalne verige, ..<\/p>\n<p>E- reakcija zavisi od koncentracije kon\u010dnega produkta.<\/p>\n<p>Izoencimi<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>IZOENCIMI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Vrstno-specifi\u010dne oblike\u00a0 encimov, ki jih kodirajo razli\u010dni geni,\u00a0 imajo razli\u010dne fizikalne lastnosti, po kemijski strukturi so si\u00a0 podobni, delujejo na isti substrat.<\/p>\n<p>Primeri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>izoencimi AF<\/li>\n<li>izoencimi LDH (LDH 1-6)<\/li>\n<li>izoencimi CK (CK MB, CK MM, CKBB)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>IZOENCIMI AF\u00a0 <\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0 jetrni<\/p>\n<p>kostni<\/p>\n<p>ledvi\u010dni<\/p>\n<p>\u010drevesni<\/p>\n<p>placentarni<\/p>\n<p>ektopi\u010dni<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>ZNA\u010cILNOSTI<\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0enako delovanje na specifi\u010dni substrat.<\/p>\n<p>razlike v strukturi,<\/p>\n<p>razlike v fizikalnih lastnostih,<\/p>\n<p>imunolo\u0161ka specifi\u010dnost<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>ENCIMI\u00a0 V\u00a0 CELICI<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>membranski (AF, GAMA GT)<\/li>\n<li>citoplazmatski (AST, ALT, LDH)<\/li>\n<li>organelnospecifi\u010dni (AST, ACP,)<\/li>\n<li>inkretorni<\/li>\n<li>sekretorni<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>STANDARDNA KLASIFIKACIJA ENCIMOV<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>oksidoreduktaze\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(LDH)<\/li>\n<li>transferaze\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (AST, ALT)<\/li>\n<li>hidrolaze\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (AF)<\/li>\n<li>liaze<\/li>\n<li>izomeraze\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (topoizomeraza)<\/li>\n<li>ligaze\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (DNA ligaza)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Kje\u00a0 jih\u00a0 dolo\u010damo? V plazmi, v serumu.<\/p>\n<p>Zakaj\u00a0 jih\u00a0 dolo\u010damo? Za odkrivanje bolezni.<\/p>\n<p>Diagnosti\u010dno pomembni encimi: <strong>AST, ALT, AF<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>AST- \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0aspartataminotransferaza<\/p>\n<p>ALT \u2013\u00a0 \u00a0alaninaminotransferaza<\/p>\n<p>AF \u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0alkalna fosfataza<\/p>\n<p>AST in ALT katalizirata procese transaminacije in tvorbo proteinov.<\/p>\n<p>AF sodeluje v procesu mineralizacije kostnega matriksa.<\/p>\n<p>Aminotransferaze so aktivne v prisotnosti KOENCIMA-\u00a0 PIRIDOKSAL\u00a0 FOSFATA.<\/p>\n<p><strong>NAHAJALI\u0160\u010cE AST<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>srce<\/li>\n<li>jetra<\/li>\n<li>skeletna muskulatura<\/li>\n<li>ledvica, pankreas, plju\u010da<\/li>\n<li><u>eritrociti<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>KLINI\u010cNI POMEN AST<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>miokardni infarkt<\/li>\n<li>jetrna obolenja<\/li>\n<li>mi\u0161i\u010dna distrofija<\/li>\n<li>infekcijska mononukleoza<\/li>\n<li>pankreatitis<\/li>\n<li>plju\u010dna embolija<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[wp_ad_camp_1]<\/p>\n<p><strong>NAHAJALI\u0160\u010cE\u00a0\u00a0 ALT<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>jetra<\/li>\n<li>skeletna muskulatura<\/li>\n<li>srce<\/li>\n<li>pankreas<\/li>\n<li><u>eritrociti<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>KLINI\u010cNI POMEN ALT<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>obolenja hepatobiliarnega trakta<\/li>\n<li>mi\u0161i\u010dna distrofija<\/li>\n<li>pankreatitis<\/li>\n<li>infekcijska mononukleoza<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>AMI<\/strong> \u2013 AST\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>\u00a0ALT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>max AST \u2013 v 18 \u2013 24 h\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0nezna\u010dilen pomen<\/p>\n<p>normalizira \u2013 v 3 \u2013 5 dneh<\/p>\n<p>diagn.sensit.: 96%<\/p>\n<p>diagn. specif. 86%<\/p>\n<p><strong>OBOLENJA H.B. TRAKTA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>diagn.sensit.: 71%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 diagn.sensit.: 83%<\/p>\n<p>diagn. specif. 84%<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>AKUTNI VIRUSNI HEPATITIS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>ALT\u00a0\u00a0 (&gt; 50 x \u00ad)<\/p>\n<p>AST\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ad<\/p>\n<p>nara\u0161\u010danje encimov: 1 \u2013 4 teden<\/p>\n<p>normalizirajo se:\u00a0 po 6 \u2013 12 tednih<\/p>\n<p>AST : ALT\u00a0 &lt; 1\u00a0\u00a0 (blaga po\u0161kodba hepatocitov)<\/p>\n<p>AST : ALT\u00a0 &gt; 1\u00a0\u00a0 (mo\u010dna po\u0161kodba hepatocitov)<\/p>\n<p>nekroza<\/p>\n<p><strong>INFEKCIJSKI HEPATITIS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>AST : ALT\u00a0 &lt; 1<\/p>\n<p><strong>TOKSI\u010cNI HEPATITIS\u00a0 (alkohol)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>AST : ALT\u00a0 &gt; 2<\/p>\n<p><strong>CIROZA JETER<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>AST : ALT\u00a0 &gt; 1<\/p>\n<p><strong>HOLESTAZA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00ad AST, ALT<\/p>\n<p><strong>TERAPIJA S HEPARINOM\u00a0 (subkutano)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00ad AST, ALT\u00a0 (po 8h,\u00a0 do 3x nad normalo)<\/p>\n<p><strong>INFEKCIJSKA MONONUKLEOZA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00ad AST, ALT\u00a0 (do 5x nad normalo<strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>VPLIVI NA <\/strong>\u00af \u00ad<strong> AST <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>PREDANALIT. DEJAVNIKI:<\/strong>\u00a0 nose\u010dnost\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00af AST<\/p>\n<p>telesni napor<\/p>\n<p>alkohol<\/p>\n<p>hemoliza\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ad AST<\/p>\n<p>stradanje<\/p>\n<p>stres<\/p>\n<p>podveza \u017eil<\/p>\n<p><strong>ANALITI\u010cNI\u00a0 DEJAVNIKI:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 oksalati\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00af AST<\/p>\n<p>piruvat<\/p>\n<p>hemodializa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ad AST<\/p>\n<p>holestatiki<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>STABILNOST\u00a0 AST\u00a0 V\u00a0 SERUMU:\u00a0 <\/strong>do 7 dni na 4\u00b0C<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>ALKALNA\u00a0\u00a0 FOSFATAZA<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>trivialno ime)<\/li>\n<li>ALP \u2013 simbol<\/li>\n<li>3.1.3.1. (koda encima)<\/li>\n<li>ORTOFOSFAT \u2013 MONOESTER &#8211; FOSFOHIDROLAZA &#8211; (sistematsko ime)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>DIMER: v krvnem obtoku Mr = ~160000<\/li>\n<li>TETRAMER: na membranah celic<\/li>\n<li>DIMER + TETRAMER: v ST, v \u017eol\u010du<\/li>\n<li>Prototip : ALP E. coli<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>NAHAJALI\u0160\u010cE AF<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>epitelij tankega \u010drevesa<\/li>\n<li>ledvi\u010dni tubuli<\/li>\n<li>kostno tkivo<\/li>\n<li>jetra<\/li>\n<li>placenta<\/li>\n<li>levkociti<\/li>\n<li>telesne teko\u010dine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>KLINI\u010cNI POMEN<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>merjenje celokupne ALP ima nizko diag. vrednost.<\/li>\n<li>identifikacija izoencimov opredeli izvor zvi\u0161ane ALP<\/li>\n<li>odkrivanje motenj v funkciji hepatobiliarnega trakta, kosti, placente, \u010drevesne sluznice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>DEJAVNIKI, KI VPLIVAJO NA VARIABILNOST LABOTATORIJSKIH REZULTATOV:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>dejavniki, ki se jim ni mogo\u010de izogniti<\/li>\n<li>dejavniki, ki so posledica \u017eivljenjskega sloga<\/li>\n<li>individualni dejavniki<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kdaj je najprimernej\u0161i \u010das za odvzem ?<\/li>\n<li>Vpliv diagnoze in terapevtskih postopkov!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>VZOR\u010cENJE \u2013 STANDARDNA\u00a0 PRIPORO\u010cILA<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u010das odvzema\u00a0\u00a0 (med 7h \u2013 9h dopoldne)<\/li>\n<li>12 ur\u00a0 po\u00a0 obroku\u00a0 in\u00a0 redni\u00a0 aktivnosti<\/li>\n<li>pred diagnosti\u010dnimi \u00a0in terapevtskimi \u00a0posegi<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>HEMOGLOBINI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u017divljenjsko pomembne molekule, ki spadajo med proteine.<\/p>\n<p>Hemoglobinska molekula: globin in hem.<\/p>\n<p>Globin\u00a0 tvorijo ribosomi v citosolu eritrocitov.<\/p>\n<p>Hem nastaja\u00a0 v mitohondrijih in v citosolu v\u00a0 nedozorelih\u00a0 eritrocitih.<\/p>\n<p><strong>VRSTE HEMOGLOBINOV<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>HbA<\/li>\n<li>HbA2<\/li>\n<li>HbF<\/li>\n<li>HbA1c<\/li>\n<li>Abnormalni hemoglobini (HbS, HbC, HbBart, \u2026)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>BIOSINTEZA HEMA IN GLOBINA<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>BIOSINTEZA HEMA : glicin, sukcinil CoA, encimi, Fe<\/li>\n<li>SINTEZA GLOBINA: na ribosomih, 2 \u03b1 in 2 \u03b2 verigi (141 in 146 AK), kvartarna struktura,<\/li>\n<li>vsaka veriga se povezuje z 1 molekulo hema<\/li>\n<li>Fe 2+ , vezava kisika\u00aesigmoidna krivulja: nasi\u010denost Hb s kisikom je odvisna od parcialnega pritiska kisika<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>KRIVULJE VEZAVE O2 NA MIO, Hb<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>MIO KRIVULJA<\/strong>: &#8211; <strong>hiperboli\u010dna<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8211; pomaknjena v levo<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; mio ima ve\u010djo afiniteto do O<sub>2<\/sub> kot Hb<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 50% nasi\u010denje (0,2 kPaO<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hb KRIVULJA<\/strong>: &#8211; <strong>sigmoidna<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8211; 50% nasi\u010denje (3 kPaO<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; s stopenjsko vezavo O<sub>2<\/sub> se ve\u010da afiniteta Hb do O<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n<p><strong>VPLIVI NA VEZAVO O<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>alosteri\u010dne reakcije<\/li>\n<li>vezava H + in CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u00ae stabilizacija deoksigeniziranega Hb \u00ae olaj\u0161ano spro\u0161\u010danje O<sub>2<\/sub><\/li>\n<li>H + in CO<sub>2<\/sub> se ve\u017eeta na Hb, O<sub>2<\/sub> in hem<\/li>\n<li>pri ni\u017ejem pH \u00ae afiniteta Hb do O<sub>2<\/sub> \u00af<\/li>\n<li>CO<sub>2<\/sub> zmanj\u0161uje afiniteto Hb do O<sub>2<\/sub><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>PRENA\u0160ANJE O<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hb prena\u0161a O<sub>2<\/sub> iz plju\u010d \u00ae tkiva<\/li>\n<li>pO<sub>2<\/sub> v plju\u010dih = 15 kPa, Hb = 95% nasi\u010den<\/li>\n<li>mi\u0161ica v mirovanju \u00ae 5 kPa, Hb = 75%<\/li>\n<li>aktivna mi\u0161ica \u00ae 1 &#8211; 2 kPa, Hb = 10%<\/li>\n<li>Hb lahko spro\u0161\u010da O<sub>2<\/sub>, kjer je koncentracija O<sub>2<\/sub> nizka<\/li>\n<li>za vse reakcije je odgovorna kvartarna struktura Hb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hb PRI ODRASLEM \u010cLOVEKU<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Polipeptidne verige: <strong>a, <\/strong><strong>b, <\/strong><strong>g, <\/strong><strong>d in <\/strong><strong>e. <\/strong><\/li>\n<li>97%: <strong>HbA1<\/strong>, ki je sestavljen iz dveh a in dveh bverig<\/li>\n<li>2,5%: <strong>HbA2<\/strong>, ki je sestavljen iz dveh a in dveh d verig<\/li>\n<li>0,5%: <strong>HbF<\/strong>, ki je sestavljen iz dveh a in dveh g<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>HEMOGLOBINOPATIJE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Avtosomno recesivne bolezni- talasemije.<\/p>\n<p>Motena je sinteza a in\u00a0 b verig zaradi<\/p>\n<p>represije gena za posamezno verigo.<\/p>\n<p>Posledica: tvorba nefunkcionalnega HbS,<\/p>\n<p>spremembe v morfolo\u0161ki strukturi eritrocitov.<\/p>\n<p><strong>LAB DIAGNOSTKA<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Spremembe v krvni sliki<\/li>\n<li>Za laboratorijsko diagnostiko ASE je potreben ustrezen odvzem biolo\u0161kega materiala. Za odvzem krvi potrebujemo:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8211; polno kri:\u00a0\u00a0 odvzem v epruveto z EDTA antikoagulantom &#8211; vijoli\u010dni zama\u0161ek<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; serum:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 odvzem v sterilno epruveto z gel separatorjem \u2013 rumen zama\u0161ek<\/p>\n<p><strong>TRANSPORTNI PROTEINI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tretja najpomembnej\u0161a skupina proteinov.<\/p>\n<p>Vloga: transport molekul, ki so vklju\u010dene v energetski metabolizem in ostale fiziolo\u0161ke procese.<\/p>\n<p>Transportni proteini so: lipoproteini, ceruloplazmin, transferin, albumin,..<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>OBRAMBNI PROTEINI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u010cetrta najpomembnej\u0161a skupina proteinov-<\/p>\n<p>protitelesa (globulini tipa IgG, IgA, IgM).<\/p>\n<p>Tvorba: plazma celice, ob stiku z antigeni.<\/p>\n<p>Vloga: za\u0161\u010dita telesa pred oku\u017ebami z \u00a0bakterijami in virusi.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>STRUKTURNI PROTEINI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>So v celicah in organih namenjeni mehanski opori.<\/p>\n<p>Strukturni proteini so: kolagen, keratin, ..<\/p>\n<p>Strukturni proteini so tudi proteini citoskeleta: aktin, miozin, tubulin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Osnovni gradbeni elementi proteinov so aminokisline, te se povezujejo v peptide, ti pa v makromolekularne strukture, ki jih imenujemo proteini. AMINOKISLINE \u2013 organske molekule s karboksilno in amino skupino PEPTIDI \u2013 ve\u010d AK povezanih z amidno vezjo PROTEINI \u2013 polimeri iz razli\u010dnih L \u2013 AK &nbsp; KEMIJSKE ZNA\u010cILNOSTI AK dipolarna ionska oblika (pri pH = &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/proteini-o-proteinih-proteini\/\" class=\"more-link\">Preberi ve\u010d o <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Proteini<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":336,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[3723,11,55],"class_list":["post-12078","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biofizika-in-biokemija","tag-beljakovine","tag-biokemija","tag-proteini"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12078","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/336"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12078"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12078\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12108,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12078\/revisions\/12108"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12078"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12078"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12078"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}