ORBITA
\n1)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAJ O\u017dIV\u010cUJE MUSCULUS SFINKTER PUPILLE IN KRO\u017dNO O\u010cESNO MI\u0160ICO
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0m. sfinkter pupile poteka kro\u017eno, inervira ga parasimpatikus, ki o\u017ei zenico – eferentni lok poteka od jeder v srednjih mo\u017eganih preko o\u010desnega \u017eivca (nervus okulomotorius), do ciliarnega ganglija v o\u010dnici, od tu vodi nitje kratkih ciliarnih \u017eivcev ( mm ciliares breves ) do sfinktra zenice.
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0simpati\u010dno nitje, ki o\u017eivuje m. dilatator pupille izhaja iz ciliospinalnega centra v 8. vratnem segmentu in poteka v ganglion cervicale superius
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kro\u017eno o\u010desno mi\u0161ico o\u017eiv\u010duje nervus facialis
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0m. sfincter pupille \u2013 je gladka mi\u0161ica, ki le\u017ei ob zeni\u010dnem robu v stromi, poteka kro\u017eno in o\u017ei zenico
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0m. dilatator pupillae \u2013 je mi\u0161ica , ki \u0161iri zenico, sestavljajo jo mioepitelne celice, poteka meriodionaino po celi \u0161arenici
\n2)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAJ O\u017dIV\u010cUJE KRO\u017dNO O\u010cESNO MI\u0160ICO
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0obrazni \u017eivec \u2013 n. facialis<\/p>\n
\n3)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAJ O\u017dIV\u010cUJE PREMO (NOTRANJO) MI\u0160ICO
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vidni \u017eivec \u2013 n. optikus
\n4)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0HIAZMA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0je kri\u017ei\u0161\u010de vidnih \u017eivcev, ki se v lobanjski votlini deloma kri\u017eata
\n5)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ZAPORA ARTERIJE CENTRALIS RETINE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0oslepitev, \u010de ni ukrepanja v roku dveh ur (propad celic)
\n6)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0INERVACUA 6. SKELETNIH MI\u0160IC, KI OBRA\u010cAJO ZRKLO
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a04. m. obra\u010dajo zrklo navzgor, navzdol , v levo in desno
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a02. m. pa ga vrtita navznoter in navzven
\n7)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0POSLEDICE RETROBULBULARNEGA NEVRITISA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0je vnetje o\u010desnega \u017eivca, poslab\u0161an vid, spremembe v razpoznavanju barv – ne lo\u010di rde\u010de in zelene, posledica je lahko tudi izguba vida,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0izpadi v vidnem polju
\n8)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0VNETJE MEIBLOVE \u017dLEZE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0je akutno gnojno vnetje;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0povzro\u010dajo stafilokoki , streptokoki;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hordeolum internum – notranji je\u010dmen
\nSOLZILA
\n9)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0TESTI ZAPORE SOLZEVODA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0fluoresceinski test,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prebrizgavanje solzevoda s posebno sondico
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0slikanje s kontrastom (ugotovimo natan\u010dno kje je zapora in kak\u0161en je njen obseg – pasa\u017ea kontrastnega sredstva)
\n10)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KJE SE NAHAJA SOLZNA \u017dLEZA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0se nahaja v zgornjem lateralnern kotu (zunanjem, zgornjem) orbite, pod orbitalnim robom \u010delnice
\n11)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0PRI VNETJU SOLZNE \u017dLEZE JE PRISOTNA:
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0bole\u010da oteklina zgornje trepalnice, ki je lokasto pove\u0161ena<\/p>\n
12)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0FUNKCIJA SOLZ
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vla\u017eenje ro\u017eenice, ohranjujejo jo prozorno;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0izpiranje tujka iz o\u010desa;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0solzenje deluje dezinficiensko in antisepti\u010dno;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0izraz emotivnih sprememb
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0transparenca, prehrana ro\u017eenice, obrambne substance
\n13)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ZNAKI VNETJA SOLZNEGA ME\u0160I\u010cKA – DACRYOCYSTITISA IN POSLEDICE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0oteklina,rde\u010dina in bole\u010dina,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0epifora-solzenje,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0gnoj-nevarnost vnetja veznice in ro\u017eenice
\n14)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0TESTI IZLO\u010cANJA SOLZ
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Schirmerjev test – z lakmusovim papirjem: trak filtrirnega papirja zataknemo za spodnjo trepalnico , v spodnjo prehodno gubo in merimo ovla\u017eitev papirja v mm. Normalno se v petih minutah ovla\u017ei 10-15 mm, \u010de je pod 5 mm – je solz premalo
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0test trganja filma solz – ro\u017eenica je pokrita s filmom solz, \u010de oko ne bi utripalo se film zadr\u017ei od 20-30 sekund, nato se za\u010dne trgati, – vezni\u010dno vre\u010dko obarvamo in pod biomikroskopom opazujemo zeleno obarvan film solz na povr\u0161ini ro\u017eenice. -normalno film ostane cel 25 sekund in ve\u010d, – kadar film ni normalen ali je solz premalo se v zelenkastem filmu naredijo razpoke prej, – solzni film merimo lahko tudi z aparatom, ki nam omogo\u010da oceno njegove debeline in nepravilnosti
\n15)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0TUMORJI SOLZNIH \u017dLEZ
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Ca glandule lacrimalis,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Epitelni ca
\n16)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0DAKRIODENITIS
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetje solzne \u017eleze – ene ali obojestransko
\n17)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0DAKRIOCISTITIS
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetje solznega me\u0161i\u010dka
\nAKUTNE SPREMEMBE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0bole\u010dina zgornji orbitalni del,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0o\u010desna re\u017ea je otekla, bole\u010da, rde\u010da, veznica otekla
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0lahko se zagnoji
\n18)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0SYNDROM SUHEGA O\u010cESA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ektodermalna displazija z zmanj\u0161ano produkcijo solz, avtosomno dominantno dedna sprememba (emocionalna labilnost, paroksizmalna hipertenzija, potenje, mrzle roke in noge, lisasta ko\u017ea z hiperstezijo ro\u017eenice in zmanj\u0161ano sekrecijo solz)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vzroki : zmanj\u0161ano izlo\u010danje solz pri
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Sy.Stogren, keratitis filiformis, laryngitis sicca, xerostomia, polyarthritis chronica
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0uporaba zdravil, ki zmanj\u0161ujejo izlo\u010danje solz – atropin, antihistaminiki, adstringensi, diuretiki, betablokerji, catapresan, nikotin, oralna za\u0161\u010ditna sredstva, adrenalin, kortikosteroidi
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0visoka starost, kroni\u010dne bolezni,
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0brazgotine veznice po – opeklinah, trahomu, erithema exudativu
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nepopolno zapiranje vek \u2013 lagophtalmus
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0okvara sekretornega \u017eiv\u010devja, nitja – pareza facialis
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Xerophtalmia pri avitaminozi A
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Damiliarna disfunkcija solzne zieze – Sy Riley – Day
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Th:\u00a0 umetne solze, bromelinski preparat za pove\u010dano izlo\u010danje solz, operativna zapora solznih luknjic, mehke – silikonske kontaktne le\u010de
\nsolze morajo biti, ker preko njih poteka izmenjava metabolitov ro\u017eenice !!
\nsimptomi – peko\u010da bole\u010dina, zbadanje
\nTREPALNICE
\n19)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0SESTAVA ZUNANJE TREPALNICE
\nsprednji list:
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ko\u017eno mi\u0161i\u010dna plast sestavljena iz ko\u017ee in ko\u017enih adneksi
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kro\u017ena mi\u0161ica za zapiranje \u2013 m. orbicularis, o\u017eiv\u010duje jo n. facialis
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kro\u017ena mi\u0161ica za odpiranje \u2013 m. levator, o\u017eiv\u010duje jo n. oculomotorius
\nnotranji list:
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0tarsus in mi\u0161ica dvigovalka \u2013 m. tarsalis, o\u017eiv\u010duje jo n. sympaticus
\n20)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0BENIGNI TU TREPALNIC
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ksantelazma,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0fibrom, nevrofibrom, aterom,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0milia, dermoidna cista, bradavica \u2013 venica,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hiperkeratoza – comu cutaneum,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0papilom, hemangiom,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0retencijske ciste molovih znojnic, nevus
\n21)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0OTEKLINA TREPALNIC
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetni edem,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0alergi\u010dni edem,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0absces trepalnic
\n22)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0MI\u0160ICE TREPALNIC O\u017dIV\u010cUJE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0obrazni \u017eivec \u2013 n. facialis
\n23)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAJ JE HALACU
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0je kroni\u010dno vnetje Meiblove \u017eleze – chalazion – notranji interni je\u010dmen
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0na trepalnici se pojavi majhna izboklina v obliki zrnca, ki ni bole\u010da, ne pride do izgnojitve, ni pordela, na otip je \u010dvrsto elasti\u010dna, na notranji strani veke je pordela veznica
\nTh: obkladki, antibioti\u010dne gtts, mazila s kortikosteroidi – nato op.
\n24)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0VRSTE BAKTERUSKEGA VNETJA TREPALNIC
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0je\u010dmen – eksterni \u2013 vnetje zeisove in molove \u017eleze,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0je\u010dmen – interni – vnetje meiblove \u017eleze,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0halacij ,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetje trepalni\u010dnih robov – blefaritis
\n25)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0PRIROJENE NEPRAVILNOSTI TREPALNIC
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kolobom trepalnic,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ptoza, epikantus<\/p>\n
26)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KSANTELAZMA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0benigni tumor, lokalna lipidoza
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0v podko\u017eju se zra\u0161\u010da tkivo z veliko ma\u0161\u010dobe in holesterola, je pogostej\u0161a pri \u017eenskah v klimakteriju, pa tudi pri motnjah presnove ma\u0161\u010dob in pri diabetikih
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0na trepalnicah lisa;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0rumene barve v obliki metuljevih kril, obojestranska
\nTh:\u00a0 operacija ali laserska
\n27)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ECTROPIUM
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0izvihanje spodnjega roba trepalnic – starostni, po\u0161kodbeni, eno ali obojestranski
\n28)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ENTROPIUM
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0trepalnica se uviha, vejice pri me\u017eikanju in zapiranju o\u010desa drgnejo po veznici in ro\u017eenici;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0me\u017eikanje je bole\u010d in spominja na tujek v o\u010desu, dra\u017eenje povzro\u010da solzenje, vezni\u010dne \u017eile se raz\u0161irijo, oko postane rde\u010de, nastane kr\u010d kro\u017ene mi\u0161ice – blepharospasmus
\nTh: op poseg, sekundarno infekcijo prepre\u010dimo s kapanjem antibioti\u010dnih gtt ali mazil
\n29)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAJ POVZRO\u010cA HERPES SIMPLEX
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0povzro\u010da vnetje v obliki mehur\u010dkov na trepalnici okoli o\u010desa \u2013 uveitis
\nVEZNICA
\n30)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAKO SE IMENUJE KRVAVITEV POD VEZNICO
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sudilatio, hiposphagma
\n31)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0SUDILATIO, HIPOSPHAGMA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0krvavitev pod veznico, posledica po\u0161kodbe ali tujka,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0lahko spontano ali zaradi napora v zgornjem delu telesa
\n32)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0PTERYGIUM
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dvojna guba veznice, ki raste iz predela notranjega o\u010desnega koti\u010dka(notranjost veznice), nastopi okvara vida, ima trikotno obliko, th. op. odstranitev
\n33)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ZNAKI KONJUKTIVITISA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0subjektivni – o\u010di za\u010dnejo pe\u010di in srbeti, moti ga pove\u010dano solzenje, pojavi se lahko ble\u0161\u010danje, ob\u010dutek rezanja v o\u010deh, ob\u010dutek tujka, trepalni\u010dni robovi so lahko zjutraj otekli, zlepljeni, pri huj\u0161ih oblikah se lahko pojavi kr\u010d v kro\u017eni mi\u0161ici – blefarospazem
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0objektivni – konjuktivalna infekcija – tarzalna veznica pordi zaradi aktivne hiperemije, na veznici vidimo ope\u010dnato rde\u010de raz\u0161irjene \u017eilice, ki le\u017ee povrhno in se kon\u010dajo ob robu ro\u017eenice, edem veznice, izlo\u010dek, obloge, hiperplazija epitela, infiltrati, krvavitve,
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0raz\u0161iritev vezni\u010dnih \u017eil, celi\u010dna infiltracija in eksudacija !
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vzroki – bakterijski, virusni, alergijski, klamidije, glivice, parazitski
\n34)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAJ SO ZADNJE SINEHIJE ?
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zlepljenje \u0161arenice in sprednje le\u010dne ovojnice<\/p>\n
35)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0OVOJNICE ZRKLA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0tunica fibrosa (vezivna plast) – sclera, cornea
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0tunica vasculosa (uvea) – chorioidea (\u017eilnica), corpus ciliare, iris (\u0161arenica)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0tunica interna (tunica nevrosa – notranja \u017eiv\u010dna plast) – retina (mre\u017enica)
\n36)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0VENOZNO KRI ODVAJAJO IZ O\u010cESA !
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0161tiri vortikozne vene
\n37)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KOLIKO OVOJNIC IN PROSTOROV IMA ZRKLO
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0tri ovojnice in trije prostori
\n38)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAKO SE IMENUJEJO OVOJNICE ?
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zunanja plast \u2013 tunica fibrosa,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0srednja plast \u2013 tunica vasculosa,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0notranja plast \u2013 tunica nevrosa
\n39)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KATERI JE SENZIBILNI \u017dIVEC ZRKLA ?
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0n. trigeminus
\n40)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0EPISKLERITIS
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0je vnetje tkiva med veznico in belo\u010dnico (raz\u0161irjene globlje \u017eile, bole\u010de na dotik, delno reagira na kortikosteroide )
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0episcleritis simplex – pri mladih ljudeh, blage bole\u010dine v o\u010deh, solzenje, ble\u0161\u010davost, enostransko ali obojestransko, omejeno ali difuzno vnetje
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nodulama oblika – episklera je vneta, z raz\u0161irjenimi \u017eilami in gr\u010dasto dvignjena
\nTh: kortikosteroidne kapljice, indometacin lokaino, antirevmatiki peroralno
\nRO\u017dENICA \u2013 cornea, BELO\u010cNICA – sclera
\n41)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0SKLERITIS
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetje belo\u010dnice,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0znaki – mo\u010dne bole\u010dine v globini, poslab\u0161an vid, oko se solzi, moti svetloba;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sprednji sklentis – lividno, lahko dvignjeno mesto na belo\u010dnici
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nekrotizirajo\u010da oblika – stanj\u0161anje sklere in stafiloma sklere, komplikacija revmatoidnega artnlisa in putike;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0posteriozni skleritis – pogosto se pojavlja pri revmatoidnem artritisu ali vaskulitisu, zdravimo osnovno bolezen (antireumatiki, kortikosteroidi), \u010de je po vnetju obse\u017eno stanj\u0161anje belo\u010dnice, je potreben op poseg
\n42)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0IZ \u010cESA SE PREHRANJUJE RO\u017dENICA – CORNEA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0z absorbcijo iz prekatne vode skozi endotel,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0s prehodom 02 iz solz skozi epitel
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0z difuzijo iz \u017eil na robu ro\u017eenice
\n43)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAJ SE NAHAJA V SPREDNJEM IN ZADNJEM PREKATU
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prekatna vodka – humeus aqaeus
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sprednji prekat – cammera anterior oculi je prostor med zadnjo steno ro\u017eenice, sprednjo povrsino \u0161arenice in sprednjo le\u010dno ovojnico za zenico
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zadnji prekat je prostor med \u0161arenico (iris) in le\u010do
\n44)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0DEBELINA IN PREMER RO\u017dENICE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0debelina – centralno 0,5mm, limbus corneae ( ro\u017eeni\u010dni rob ) 0,67mm;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vodoravni premer 11 – 12 mm;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0navpi\u010dni premer 10 – 11 mm;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0povpre\u010dni premer \u2013 10 \u2013 13\u00a0 mm, pri novorojen\u010dku 8 – 10 mm
\n45)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ANOMALUE VBO\u010cENOSTI RO\u017dENICE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0keratokonus,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0keratogloblis
\n46)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0SESTAVA SPREDNJE PLASTI RO\u017dENICE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0endotel,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0descementova membrana,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0stroma – substantia propna corneae
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0bowmanova membrana,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ve\u010dslojni epitel,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0solzni film
\n47)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0EROZIJA RO\u017dENICE POMENI !
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0odrgnina ro\u017eeni\u010dnega epitela
\n48)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KONGENITALNE ANOMALIJE RO\u017dENICE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0magalokornea \u2013 obi\u010dajno jo spremlja glavkom,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0distrofija ro\u017eenice
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zamotnitev ro\u017eenice,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0lipidne oblige \u2013 holesterol
\n49)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0POVZRO\u010cITELJI BAKTERIJSKIH KERATITISOV
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0staphilococus aureus,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0streptococus pneumonie,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0psevdomonas aeruginosa,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0enterobacteriae,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0proteus,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0klebsiela
\n50)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0VIRUSNI KERATITIS
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0povzro\u010ditelj virus herpes simpleks tip I;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0adenovirusni folikularni keratokonjuktivitis z epitelijalnimi lezijami.
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Th: abrazija in virustatiki
\n51)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KERATITIS ZARADI LOGOFTAMUSA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po okvari facialisa,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zenica se ne zapira, izsu\u0161itev,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0razvoj ulkusov
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vdor infekta v notranjost \u2013 endoftalmus
\nTh: midriatik, bris veznice in\u00a0\u00a0 ro\u017eenice, antibiotik glede na izvid brisa, umetne solze, plasti\u010dna kirurgija, v\u010dasih zapremo oko ali vstavitev vla\u017ene komore
\n52)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAJ POTREBUJEMO PRI ODSTRANITVI TUJKA IZ RO\u017dENICE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0biomikroskop, oftalmolog,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0lokalna anestezija,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po odstranitvi damo akroplegik, antibioti\u010dno mazilo, oko pokrijemo, lokalno damo analgetik – per os<\/p>\n
53)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0VZROKI ZA NASTENEK ULKUS SERPENSA SO
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0oku\u017eba s pneumokoki
\n54)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ULKUS SERPENS CORNEE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0okrogla razjeda v obliki kraterja; bakterijsko vnetje ro\u017eenice; predispizicijski dejavniki \u2013 trauma\u00a0 ro\u017eeni\u010dnega epitela,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0klini\u010dna slika \u2013 simptomi rde\u010dega o\u010desa, ciliarna, konjuktivalna injekcija, hemoza veznica,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0subjektivni simptomi \u2013 solzenje, bole\u010dina s fotofobijo in blefarospazmom, poslab\u0161anje vida; belkast okrogel ulkus v centru ro\u017eenice, neravna povr\u0161ina, razjeda sega v parenhim
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0komplikacije \u2013 perforacije in glavkom zaradi motenj pretoka prekatne vodke
\n55)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0FUNKCIJA SCHLEMMOVEGA KANALA \u2013 SINUS VENOSUS SCLERE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0odtekanje prekatne vodke v episkleralne vene
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0v prekatih je prekatna vodka, ki se resorbira v sinus venosu sclerae, ta poteka med ro\u017eenico in \u0161arenico, pravilna sekrecija in resorbcija vzdr\u017eujeta normaini tlak v zrklu
\n56)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0POMEN SCHLEMOVEGA KANALA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0obro\u010d v belo\u010dnici za odtekanje prekatne vodke
\n57)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0PANUS !
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u017eile vra\u0161\u010dajo na ro\u017eenico \u2013 vaskularizacija po no\u0161enju kontaktnih le\u010d
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0povr\u0161insko ali globinsko vra\u0161\u010danja
\n58)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0LASER \u2013 KERATOTOMIJA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0za korekcijo vida pri kratkovidnosti;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0stanj\u0161anje ro\u017eenice, korektura loma svetlobe
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0komplikacije \u2013 ro\u017eenica se zamotni, sekundarni glavkom
\n59)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KERATOPROTEZA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kadar je ro\u017eenica motna, po po\u0161kodbi z lugi, kislinami
\nUVEA – \u017dILNICA (chorioidea ),\u00a0 \u0160ARENICA (iris)
\n60)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0IZ \u010cESA JE SESTAVLJENA\u00a0 UVEA – TUNICA VASCULOSA, \u017dILNA PLAST
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0v sprednjem delu oblikuje \u0161arenico (iris);
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0navzad prehaja v ciliarnik (corpus ciliare)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0in nato v \u017eilnico (choriodeo)
\n61)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0IZ \u010cESA JE ZGRAJENA \u0160ARENICA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0iz sprednjega lista – strome – bogato vaskulizirano vezivno tkivo z mastociti, makrofagi,\u00a0 melanociti\u00a0 in osnovno glikoproteinsko snovjo, \u0161tevilni \u017eiv\u010dni kon\u010di\u010di
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0iz zadnjega lista – pars iridica retinae – pigmentni del , ki je podalj\u0161ek mre\u017enice
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0stromo prekriva na povr\u0161ini endotel, ki se preko zakotja nadaljuje v ro\u017eeni\u010dni endotel
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0m. sfincter pupillae, m. dilatator pupillae, pigmentni epitel
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zadnji list je pigmentni epitel, ki je podalj\u0161ek ro\u017eenice
\n62)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KJE NASTAJA PREKATNA VODKA ?
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0v epitelijskih celicah ciliarnika
\n63)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KJE SE NAHAJA CEDILNIK ?
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0v o\u010desnem zakotju<\/p>\n
[wp_ad_camp_1]<\/p>\n
64)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAJ SE NAHAJA V SPREDNJEM IN ZADNJEM PREKATU ?
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prekatna vodka \u2013 humeus aqaeus
\n65)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0SPREDNJI PREKAT JE ?
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prostor med sprednjo povr\u0161ino le\u010de, \u0161arenice in ro\u017eenice
\n66)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ZADNJI PREKAT JE ?
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prostor med ciliarnikom, steklovino in zadnjim delom \u0161arenice
\n67)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0O\u010cESNO ZAKOTJE TVORI ?
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0trak ciliarnika, cedilce,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zadebelitev endotela ro\u017eenice,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0schlemov kanal za cedilcem
\n68)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0SPREMEMBE VIDA PRI AKUTNEM IRITISU
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vidna ostrina se slab\u0161a – poslab\u0161anje vida, oko se solzi, ble\u0161\u010davost, prekatna vodka je motna
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0161arenica se lahko sprime z le\u010do, kar predstavlja oviro v odtekanju prekatne vodke \u2013 glavkom, katarakta in kroni\u010dni edem makule
\n69)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAJ JE PERIMETRJA,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0je preiskava vidnega polja
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ugotavljamo sposobnost o\u010desa, da lo\u010di svetlobne dra\u017eljaje od ozadja
\n70)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0O\u017dIV\u010cENJE ZENICE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0m. sfinkter pupille, ki poteka kro\u017eno v pupilarnem robu \u0161arenice – inervira ga parasimpatikus, ki o\u017ei zenico
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0161iri pa ga m. dilatator pupille, ki ga inervira simpati\u010dno nitje in m. ciliaris za akomodacijo le\u010d
\n71)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0IRITIS
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetje \u0161arenice
\n72)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0IRIDOCICLITIS
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetje \u0161arenice in ciliarnika
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0genetska predispozicija
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0eksogeni vzroki – po\u0161kodbe, vnetja, vezana na antigen HLA – B 27, virusna infekcija, infekcija s \u0161igelo, klamidijo
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0so pogosto zdru\u017eena s sistemskimi boleznimi in se rada ponavljajo – gre za avtoimuni odziv
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0znaki – rde\u010de oko, bole\u010dina, fotofobija, solzenje, poslab\u0161anje vida
\n73)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KOMPLIKACIJE IRIDOCYCLITISA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0katarakta, glavkom, kroni\u010dni edem makule, sinehije-zarastline
\nSPREMEMBE VIDA PRI AKUTNEM IRITISU
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0oslabitev vida, pe\u0161anje vida
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0oko se solzi; ble\u0161\u010davost;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prekatna vodka je motna
\n74)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KATARAKTA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0je posledica oku\u017ebe, viroze v prvih mesecih nose\u010dnosti
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0spremembe v prosojnosti o\u010desne le\u010de – siva mrena<\/p>\n
75)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0SIVA MRENA JE LAHKO (VZROKI KATARAKTE)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0starost, penetrantne in druge po\u0161kodbe,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kroni\u010dni iridocyclitis, metabolne motnje
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0okvare zaradi ionizirajo\u010dih in drugih sevanj,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prirojene – katarakta kongenita
\n76)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ZNAKI AKUTNEGA GLAVKOMA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0mo\u010dna bole\u010dina, ki seva v okolico \u010desa in se razvije v glavobol;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0mavri\u010dni kolobarji okrog lu\u010di in slab meglen vid;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0edem ro\u017eenice;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0slabo po\u010dutje, bruhanje;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0meningealni znaki
\nKlini\u010dna slika
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zmanj\u0161ano IOP,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0161iroka, toga zenica,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0edem ro\u017eeni\u010dnega epitela,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0raz\u0161irjene episkleralne in vezni\u010dne \u017eile,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0plitki sprednji prekat,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0edem papile in zapora mre\u017eni\u010dnih \u017eil
\n77)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAJ SPADA MED GLAVKOME Z ZAPRTIM ZAKOTJEM
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0primarni angularni glavkom s pupilarnim(zeni\u010dnim) blokom
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sekundarni angularni glavkom s pupilarnim blokom
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0primarni angularni glavkom brez pupilarnega bloka
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sekundarni angularni glavkom brez pupilarnega bloka(nevaskularni glav.):
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zaradi membranoznih sprememb v zakotju
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zaradi sprememb v zadnjem o\u010desnem segmentu \u2013 tu, operacije odstopov mre\u017enice, odstop \u017eilnice, edem ciliark
\n78)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0OPERATIVNO ZDRAVLJENJE GLAVKOMA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0filtracijske operacije \u2013 trabulektomije;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sclerotomija;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0goniotomija in trabekulotomija
\n79)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0TERAPIJA AKUTNEGA GLAVKOMA\u00a0 (zelena mrena)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0usmerjena v \u010dim hitrej\u0161o prekinitev napada, dokon\u010dno terapijo in za\u0161\u010dito drugega o\u010desa;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0miotik – potegne le\u010do iz zakotja;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0holinergi\u010dne gtt: 1-2% pilokarpin
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kapljice iz skupine betablokatorjev – timolol, levobunolol, betaksolol
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ihibitorji karboanhidraze – zmanj\u0161a izlo\u010danje prekatne vode
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0mrzli obkladki, op – da odteka voda (laserska ridotom)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pri visokem pritisku nad 50mm Hg dodamo Manitol
\n80)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KOLIKO JE STAR OTROK, KO DELAMO TEST ZA \u0160KILJENJE
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a03 leta
\n81)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0NAJPOGOSTEJ\u0160I VZROK ZA POSLAB\u0160ANJE CENTRALNEGA VIDA V STAROSTI
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0starostna degeneracija slepe pege<\/p>\n
82)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAJ SPADA K HORNERJEVEMU SYNDROMU
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0enoftalmus,
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0mioza, ptoza
\n83)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KATERE KOMPLIKACIJE POVZRO\u010cI SJOERGENOV SINDROM
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0izsu\u0161itev sluznice in ro\u017eenice zaradi zmanj\u0161anega izlo\u010danja solz
\n84)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0PERUSTIO – CAVSOMA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po\u0161kodbe s kemikalijami in lugom
\n85)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0TERAPIJA PO\u0160KODB Z LUGI IN KISLINAMI
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0olaj\u0161ati bole\u010dine – lokalni anestetik
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0takoj\u0161nje izpiranje po po\u0161kodbi (pacient lahko \u017ee sam) – odstraniti ali razred\u010diti koncentrirano kemi\u010dno snov
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0v ambulanti vsaj 30 minut izpiranja s fiziolo\u0161ko raztopino ali purfersko raztopinopo izpiranju vbrizgamo v oko pol ampule vitamina C, vkapamo Midriatik ( 1% Scopolamin ) , o\u010desno mazilo, oko pokrijemo
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0? cikioplegik, antibioti\u010dno mazilo
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pri drugi stopnji – nekrektomija, prepre\u010devanje komplikacij
\n86)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KRVAVITEV V STEKLOVINO
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Hernoftalmus
\n87)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KIFEMA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0krvavitev v sprednji prekat
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0DIAGNOSTIKA RDE\u010cEGA O\u010cESA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0anamneza;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pregled ostrine vida, inspekcija, palpacija (ble\u0161\u010danje, prekomerno solzenje, blefarospazern, epifora,fotofobija);
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0opazovanje lege zrkla; digitalna tonometrija
\n88)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0SYNDROM SJOGREN
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0atrofija solzne in karotidne \u017eleze in revmat.; pojavlja se v starej\u0161i dobi, \u017eenskam, zmanj. Se \u0161tev. \u010da\u0161astih celic veznice
\n89)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0MIDRAZA POMENI
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0161iroko zenico
\n90)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0MIDRIATEKI
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zenico \u0161irijo, za pregled o\u010desnega ozadja;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0onemogo\u010deno bli\u017einsko delo, svetloba moti;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0atropin, skopolamin, homatropin
\n91)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0MIOTIKI
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0o\u017eijo zenico;
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0za zdravljenje zelene mrene in povi\u0161anega intraokularnega pritiska
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pilokarpin
\n92)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0LE\u010cA
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0slu\u017ei za akomodacijo – prilagoditev, nastanek jasnih slik na mre\u017enici ne glede na razdaljo
\n93)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0PANTOPELLIDOL
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0za zdravljenje oftalmij – svetlobnih po\u0161kodb – pospe\u0161uje epitelizacijo ro\u017eenice
\n94)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KONJUKTIVALNA INJEKCIJA JE PRISOTNA PRI:
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetju sluznice, vnetju ro\u017eenice, vnetju \u0161arenice<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
ORBITA 1)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0KAJ O\u017dIV\u010cUJE MUSCULUS SFINKTER PUPILLE IN KRO\u017dNO O\u010cESNO MI\u0160ICO –\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0m. sfinkter pupile poteka kro\u017eno, inervira ga parasimpatikus, ki o\u017ei zenico – eferentni lok poteka od jeder v srednjih mo\u017eganih preko o\u010desnega \u017eivca (nervus okulomotorius), do ciliarnega ganglija v o\u010dnici, od tu vodi nitje kratkih ciliarnih \u017eivcev ( mm ciliares breves ) do … Preberi ve\u010d o Esejski odgovori za okulistiko<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":336,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1488],"tags":[3299,1495,3298,1490,1489],"class_list":["post-2768","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-3-letnik-okulistika","tag-esejski-odgovori-za-okulistiko","tag-gradivo-za-okulistiko","tag-izpit-iz-okulistike","tag-oftalmologija","tag-okulistika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2768","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/336"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2768"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2768\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2768"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2768"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2768"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}