1.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Anatomija in fiziologija zunanjega u\u0161esa<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0iz prve \u0161kr\u017ene brazde (mezoderm in ektoderm)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0uhelj
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hrustanec, ko\u017ea
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zunanji sluhovod
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dla\u010dice, lojnice, mastilke (glandule ceruminosae) \u2013 cerumen<\/p>\n
2.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Anatomija in fiziologija srednjega u\u0161esa<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0iz prvega \u0161kr\u017enega \u017eepa (tubotimpanalni recesus), ko\u0161\u010dice iz prvega in drugega \u0161kr\u017enega loka
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0bobni\u010dna votlina, Evstahijeva tuba, antrum, preostale celice pnevmati\u010dnega sistema temporalne kosti
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0slu\u0161ne ko\u0161\u010dice (ossicula auditus)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kladivce (malleus)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nakovalce (incus)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0stremence (stapes)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0povezujejo bobni\u010d z notranjim u\u0161esom (ovalno okence \u2013 lig. anulare)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prevajanje zvoka, oja\u010danje zvo\u010dnih dra\u017eljajev
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0mi\u0161ice srednjega u\u0161esa \u2013 delujeta singvisti\u010dno in antagonisti\u010dno
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0m. stapedius (n. facialis) \u2013 pripenja na vrat stremenca
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0m. tensor tympani (veja n. trigemini) \u2013 napenjalka bobni\u010da
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0za\u0161\u010ditni mehanizem pred mo\u010dnimi zvo\u010dnimi dra\u017eljaji \u2013 ev. okvara notranjega u\u0161esa
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Evstahijeva tuba (tuba pharyngotympanica, tuba auditoria) \u2013 povezuje bobni\u010dno votlino in \u017erelo<\/p>\n
3.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Evstahijeva tuba<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0povezuje bobni\u010dno votlino in \u017erelo (3,5 cm)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ko\u0161\u010deni in hrustan\u010dni del
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ko\u0161\u010deni del: izhaja iz prednje stene bobni\u010dne votline \u2013 odprt
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hrustan\u010dni del: kon\u010duje v faringealnem ustju (lateralna stena orofarinksa) \u2013 zaprt (odpre pri goltanju, zehanju, izgovorjavi goltnikov)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0odpiralka tube: mi\u0161ica napenjalka mehkega neba (m. tensor veli palatini)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zapiralka tube: mi\u0161ica dvigovalka mehkega neba (m. levator veli palatini)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0epitelij
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ko\u0161\u010deni del: enoskladni prizmati\u010dni epitelij z migetalkami
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hrustan\u010dni del: ve\u010dskladni visokoprizmati\u010dni epitelije z migetalkami
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0izena\u010duje zunanji zra\u010dni pritisk s pritiskom v srednjem u\u0161esu<\/p>\n
4.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Anatomija in fiziologija notranjega u\u0161esa<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ko\u017easti labirint iz ektoderma (zadebelina zunanjega kli\u010dnega lista), ko\u0161\u010deni labirint iz mezenhimalnega tkiva
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0t.i. labirint \u2013 zgrajen iz votlinic in kanal\u010dkov, ko\u0161\u010deni in ko\u017easti
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ko\u017easti \u2013 endolimfa
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prostor med ko\u017eastim in ko\u0161\u010denim \u2013 perilimfa
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ko\u017easti \u2013 \u010dutilo za sluh in ravnote\u017eje
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0v sredini preddvor (vestibulum)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0v sprednjo steno odpira pol\u017e
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0v zadnjo steno odpira 5 odprtin polkro\u017enih kanalov
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dve vdolbinici: spredaj za vre\u010dico (sacculus), zadaj za me\u0161i\u010dek (utriculus)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0spredaj pol\u017e (cohlea) \u2013 receptorji za sluh
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zadaj polkro\u017eni kanali (canales semicirculares) \u2013 receptorji za ravnote\u017eje<\/p>\n
5.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Meja med posameznimi deli u\u0161esa<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0med zunanjim in srednjim u\u0161esom: bobni\u010dna membrana (membarna tympanica)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zunanja plast \u2013 ko\u017enati sloj
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0notranja plast \u2013 sluzni\u010dna
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0med njima vezivni
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0med srednjim in notranjim u\u0161esom: notranja ali medialna stena bobni\u010dne votline (cavum tympani)<\/p>\n
6.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Faze slu\u0161nega procesa<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0mehani\u010dno prevajanje zvo\u010dnih dra\u017eljajev iz okolja po prevodnem aparatu srednjega u\u0161esa do notranjega u\u0161esa
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0spreminjanje mehani\u010dne energije\u00a0 spreminja v energijo \u017eiv\u010dnega vzburjenja (bioelektri\u010dna) v \u010dutnicah Cortijevega organa
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prevajanje bioelektri\u010dnih dra\u017eljajev po slu\u0161nem \u017eivcu do centra za sluh v mo\u017eganski skorji temporalnega re\u017enja
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zavestna obdelava zvo\u010dnega dra\u017eljaja<\/p>\n
7.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Ravnote\u017eje<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0posledica skladnega delovanja
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ravnote\u017eni aparat
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vid
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0globoka senzibiliteta
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u010dutnice ravnote\u017enega aparata \u2192 bioelektri\u010dni dra\u017eljaji \u2192 \u017eivec in vestibularna jedra \u2192 motori\u010dna jedra mi\u0161ic trupa, udov in o\u010di \u2192 uravnavanje tonusa mi\u0161i\u010dja \u2192 ohranitev ravnote\u017eja
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0linearni pospe\u0161ki \u2013 vzdra\u017eenje \u010dutnic v makulah polkro\u017enih kanalov
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0spreminjanju gibalnega stanja (hitrost ali smer gibanja) \u2013 vzdra\u017eenje \u010dutnic v ampulah polkro\u017enih kanalov<\/p>\n
8.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Okvara ravnote\u017enega aparata<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0subjektivni znaki
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dra\u017eenje otolitskega aparata \u2013 negotovost pri hoji
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dra\u017eenje polkro\u017enih kanalov \u2013 vrtoglavica
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0objektivni znaki
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0o\u010desna trzavica (nystagmus) \u2013 ritmi\u010dno gibanje zrkel v eni ravnini<\/p>\n
9.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Ataksija<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nekoordiniranost in okornost \u2013 ravnote\u017eje in hoja, gibanje udov ali zrkel in\/ali govor<\/p>\n
10.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Po\u0161kodbe u\u0161esa<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po\u0161kodbe zunanjega u\u0161esa
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po\u0161kodbe uhlja
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0mehani\u010dne: odrgnine, raztrganine, zme\u010dkanine, delna ali popolna amputacija, vbodnine, hematom uhlja (izliv krvi v prostor med hrustancem in pohrustan\u010dnico)
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0termi\u010dne: opekline uhlja (epidermalne, dermalne, subdermalne), omrzline
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po\u0161kodbe zunanjega sluhovoda
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po\u0161kodbe srednjega u\u0161esa
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0perforacija bobni\u010da (mehani\u010dna po\u0161kodba, prelom sen\u010dnice, hitra sprememba zra\u010dnega tlaka ob slabem delovanju tube, strela, potapljanje)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po\u0161kodba ko\u0161\u010dic in obraznega \u017eivca
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0posledica po\u0161kodbe srednjega u\u0161esa je prevodna naglu\u0161nost
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Barotravma srednjega u\u0161esa (Evstahijeva tuba)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po\u0161kodbe slu\u0161nih ko\u0161\u010dic (ruptura bobni\u010da, odstranjevanje tujka iz sluhovoda, prelom sen\u010dni\u010dne) \u2013 najve\u010dkrat sklep med inkusom in stapesom
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po\u0161kodbe notranjega u\u0161esa:
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prelom sen\u010dnice (vzdol\u017eni, pre\u010dni)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pretres labirinta
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Barotravma notranjega u\u0161esa
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kesonska bolezen<\/p>\n
11.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Odstranjevanje tujka iz sluhovoda<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0izpiranje –\u00a0 37\u00b0C (vrtoglavica), curek v srednji del sluhovoda, ne direktno<\/p>\n
12.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Akutno vnetje srednjega u\u0161esa (znaki, zdravljenje)<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kataralno akutno vnetje srednjega u\u0161esa (otitis media acuta catarrhalis)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0objektivni znaki
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sluznica srednjega u\u0161esa edematozna, hiperemi\u010dna, infiltrirana z belimi krvni\u010dkami
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0bobni\u010d moten ali pordel, kadar sluznica najbolj vneta
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0subjektivni znaki
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0naglu\u0161nost, ob\u010dutek napetosti, \u0161umenje, bole\u010dina
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0gnojno akutno vnetje srednjega u\u0161esa (otitis media acuta suppurativa)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0objektivni znaki
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0bobni\u010d zadebeljen, mo\u010dno pordel, izbo\u010den, skozi perforacijo izteka gnoj
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u2191 TT, \u2191 L, \u2191 vnetni parametri
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0subjektivni znaki
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0slabo po\u010dutje, glavobol, bole\u010dina v u\u0161esu, oslabljen sluh, \u0161umenje, palpatorno ob\u010dutljiv bradavi\u010dnik (mastoidismus)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0antibiotiki z \u0161irokim spektrom delovanja, nato po antibiogramu
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kapljice z antibioti\u010dnim delovanjem, \u010de perforacija bobni\u010da
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ev. paracentezo (predrtje bobni\u010da)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kapljice v nos \u2013 za anemizacijo nosne sluznice (hiperemija ob infekciji sluznice)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0analgetiki<\/p>\n
13.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Kroni\u010dno vnetje srednjega u\u0161esa (znaki, zdravljenje)<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0serozno kroni\u010dno vnetje srednjega u\u0161esa (otitis media chronica serosa)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0le sluznica, kostne stene votline srednjega u\u0161esa in slu\u0161ne ko\u0161\u010dice so neprizadete
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0v sluznici celularna infiltracija s proliferacijo veziva, v\u010dasih se tvori granulacijsko tkivo
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0na bobni\u010du ve\u010dja ali manj\u0161a perforacija
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0gnojno serozen izcedek iz sluhovoda
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0naglu\u0161nost
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kroni\u010dno kostno gnojno vnetje srednjega u\u0161esa (otitis media suppurativa chronica ostitica)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sluznica, \u0161irjenje na ko\u0161\u010dene stene bobni\u010dne votline, slu\u0161ne ko\u0161\u010dice, celice mastoida
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0razvije se ostitis z nekrozami
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0perforacija bobni\u010da, navadno v zadnjem zgornjem kvadrantu
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0bobni\u010dna votlina pogosto izpolnjena s polipi, ki se \u0161irijo v zunanji sluhovod
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0gnojen izcedek
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0naglu\u0161nost
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0operativno \u2013 timpanoplastika
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0odstranitev bolezenskih sprememb
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0rekonstrukcija ko\u0161\u010dic
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zaprtje perforacije bobni\u010da
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pogoj normalna funkcija Evstahijeve tube<\/p>\n
14.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Zapleti vnetja srednjega u\u0161esa<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0eksokranialne komplikacije
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0akutno vnetje bradavi\u010dnika (mastoiditis acuta) \u2013 akutno gnojno vnetje pokostnice in kosti pnevmati\u010dnih celic v mastoid
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pareza in paraliza obraznega \u017eivca (paresis et paralysis nervi facialis)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetje labirinta (labytinthitis)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetje vr\u0161ka piramide (petrositis)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0endokranialne komplikacije
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ekstraduralni absces (abscessus ekstraduralis)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0subduralni absces (abscesus subduralis)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetje in tromboza sigmoidnega sinusa (trombophlebitis et trombosis sinus sigmoidei)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0gnojni meningitis (meningitis purulenta)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0absces velikih in malih mo\u017egan (abscessus cerebri et cerebelli)<\/p>\n
15.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Ohromitev obraznega \u017eivca<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vzrok: otogena (komplikacija akutnega ali kroni\u010dnega vnetja srednjega u\u0161esa), idiopatksa, travmatska
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0periferna pareza
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pove\u0161en ustni kot na prizadeti strani
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zabrisana nazolabialna brazda
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ne zapre o\u010desa – pri poskusu zaprtja Bellov fenomen (bulbus se pomakne navzgor in navzven)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ne naguba polovice \u010dela
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0centralna pareza \u2013 zaprto oko
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0akutno vnetje \u2013 ohromitev lahko zaradi toksi\u010dnega nevritisa ali zaradi edema \u017eivca
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ostiti\u010dna oblika kroni\u010dnega vnetja ali holesteatom \u2013 \u017eivec lahko razkrit in zajet v granulacije
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje ohromitve ob akutnem vnetju
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0antibiotik
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0mastoidektomija
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u010de po treh tednih ni izbolj\u0161anja, dekompresija
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje ohromitve ob kroni\u010dnem vnetju
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kirur\u0161ko \u2013 odstraniti bolezenski proces in razbremenitev \u017eivca (dekompresija)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje travmatske ohromitve
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0takoj\u0161nja: takoj\u0161nja operacija, ev. nevrosutura
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kasna: prognoza ugodnej\u0161a, kortikosteroidi<\/p>\n
16.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Vnetje labirinta<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0labyrinthitis otogenes
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0oblike: serozni, gnojni, nekroti\u010dni
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0razse\u017enost: cirkumskriptni, difuzni
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje: kirur\u0161ko (odstraniti vzrok nastanka abscesa, drenirati absces)<\/p>\n
17.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Holesteatom srednjega u\u0161esa<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0otitis media chronica suppurativa cum cholesteatomate
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0posebna oblika kroni\u010dnega vnetja
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sestava: matriks in holesteatomska gmota
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0matriks: grajen kot vrhnjica ko\u017ee (navzven vezivna plast, navznoter ve\u010dskladni plo\u0161\u010dati epitel)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0holesteatomska gmota: odlu\u0161\u010dene celice plo\u0161\u010datega epitela
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nastane z vra\u0161\u010danjem vrhnjice iz sluhovoda skozi perforacijo
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0z rastjo destrukcija kostnine
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0naglu\u0161nost, \u0161umenje
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje: operativno<\/p>\n
18.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Otoskleroza<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0etiologija neznana, pogosteje \u017eenske
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nara\u0161\u010dajo\u010da naglu\u0161nost zaradi bolezenskega zakostenevanja v notranjem u\u0161esu
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0bolezen ko\u0161\u010dene labirintne kapsule \u2013 najprej na prednjem delu stapesne plo\u0161\u010dice, kasneje celo ovalno okence
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0posledica je ankiloza stapesa
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prevodna ali kombinirana naglu\u0161nost, lahko tudi tinitus
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0otoskopska slika normalna
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0operacija: zdravimo posledice, ne vzroka (oboleli del nadomestimo s protezo)<\/p>\n
19.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Tumorji srednjega u\u0161esa<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0benigni: osteomi, fibromi, hondromi, hemangiomi, dermoidne ciste
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0glomus jugulare in glomus timpanikus
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0maligni: karcinom, sarkom<\/p>\n
20.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Fraktura sen\u010dne kosti (os temporale) \u2013 piramide<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vzdol\u017eni (longitudinalni) prelom piramide (pogostej\u0161i):
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0raztrganina bobni\u010da
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prelom ko\u0161\u010denega dela sluhovoda
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0krvavitev v sluhovod
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0znaki prizadetosti labirinta neznatni ali jih ni
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prizadetost obraznega \u017eivca nepopolna ali kasna
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0naglu\u0161nost prevodnega tipa
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pre\u010dni (transverzalni) prelom piramide:
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0bobni\u010d lahko normalnega izgleda
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0znaki prizadetosti labirinta (nistagmus, vrtoglavica, bljuvanje)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pareza ali paraliza obraznega \u017eivca popolna
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zaznavna naglu\u0161nost<\/p>\n
21.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Akusti\u010dna travma<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0okvara \u010dutnih celic spiralnega organa (Cortijev organ)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0izpad visokega frekven\u010dnega obmo\u010dja
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kombinirana naglu\u0161nost
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0akutna
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0enkratna ali kratkotrajna izpostavljenost mo\u010dnemu akusti\u010dnemu impulzu (nad 120 dB)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0161umenje z enostransko naglu\u0161nostjo
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0otoskopsko b.p., avdiogram
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0terapija: vitamin A, sredstva za vazodilatacijo, preventiva
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kroni\u010dna
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dolgotrajna izpostavljenost mo\u010dnej\u0161im akusti\u010dnim impulzom (nad 90 dB)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0obojestranska nepopravljiva naglu\u0161nost, utrujenost, nervoza, nezbranost pri delu
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0terapija: ni zdravila, le preventiva<\/p>\n
22.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Presbiakuza<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0starostna naglu\u0161nost (presbyacusis)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po 60. letu: slaba prekrvljenost, degenerativne spremembe v Cortijevem organu (predvsem na bazalnem zavoju pol\u017eka), atrofija ganglijskih celic, propadanje \u017eiv\u010dnih vlaken
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sluh oslabljen najprej za visoke tone, kasneje ev. za nizke, naglu\u0161nost simetri\u010dna
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0terapija: slu\u0161ni aparat<\/p>\n
23.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Nevrinom<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pri\u010dne rasti v notranjem sluhovodu, nato \u0161iri proti pontocerebelarnem kotu (raste po\u010dasi)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0simptomi: naglu\u0161nost (senzorinevralna), motnje ravnote\u017eja, ev. pareza obraznega \u017eivca
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje: kirur\u0161ko<\/p>\n
24.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Vrste naglu\u0161nosti<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prevodna
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0senzorinevralna
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kombinirana<\/p>\n
25.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Avdiometrija<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0tonska pra\u017ena avdiometrija
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ugotavljamo prag sluha po kostni in zra\u010dni poti
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0subjektivna metoda<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0jakost sluha: merimo z decibeli (dB)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0govorno obmo\u010dje: 500 \u2013 4000 Hz<\/p>\n
26.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Funkcije nosu<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dihalna (respiratorna)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0govorna (fonatorna)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vohalna (olfaktorna)<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0imunolo\u0161ka vloga, grelec, \u010distilec, vla\u017eilec vdihanega zraka, regulator koli\u010dine vdihanega zraka, refleksogeni center<\/p>\n
27.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Obnosne votline<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dokon\u010dno razvijejo v puberteti
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sinus paranasales \u2013 z zrakom napolnjene in s sluznico prevle\u010dene votline v obnosnih kosteh
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u010delni votlini (sinus frontales) \u2013 v \u010delnici tik nad obrvrmi
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u010deljustni votlini (sinus maxillares) \u2013 v zgornjih \u010deljustnicah
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zagozdni\u010dani votlini (sinus sphenoidales) \u2013 v zagozdnici
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sitkine celice (sinus ethmoidales) \u2013 prednje in zadnje (sinus ethmoidales anteriores et posteriores)<\/p>\n
28.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Po\u0161kodbe nosu<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vrste
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po\u0161kodbe mehkih delov
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po\u0161kodbe hrustan\u010dasto-kostnega ogrodja
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0znaki
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0oteklina
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0odmik nosne piramide v stran (skolioza, lordoza)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0o\u010dalasta podplutba ob nosnem korenu
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0krepitacija
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0krvavitev iz nosnih votlin
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u010de prelom sega v sitko, pri palpaciji tipljemo podko\u017eni emfizem
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ukrepi
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ustavitev krvavitve
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pribli\u017eanje razmaknjenih dele prelomljenih kosti
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sprostitev nosnih votlin
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0oskrba rane na ko\u017ei<\/p>\n
29.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Absces in hematom nosnega pretina<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hematom
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0izliv krvi med pohrustan\u010dnico in hrustancem nosnega pretina
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0izliv krvi med pokostnico in kostjo nosnega pretina
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vzrok: po\u0161kodba nosu, prelom nosnega pretina, zaplet po operaciji
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0absces nosnega pretina (abscessus septi nasi):
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vzrok: infekcija hematoma
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0znaki: nos otekel, bole\u010d (enaki kot pri hematomu)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje: kirur\u0161ko, antibiotiki (enako kot pri hematomu)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0abscesno votlino \u0161iroko dreniramo
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zapleti: razpok abscesa \u2192 nevarnost infekcije mo\u017egan ali tromboze kavenoznega sinusa
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0neustrezno zdravljenje \u2192 odmrtje hrustanca, sedlast nos<\/p>\n
30.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Krvavitev iz nosu \u2013 epistaksa<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vzrok
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0podro\u010dni
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po\u0161kodbe (v nosu, obnosnih votlinah, na lobanjskem dnu, velikih \u017eil), tujki
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0bolezni: akutna in kroni\u010dna vnetja nosne sluznice (atrofi\u010dni rinitis), varikozno spremenjene \u017eile nosne sluznice
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0splo\u0161ni: hipertenzija, skleroti\u010dno spremenjene krvne \u017eile, diabetes, bolezni srca, ledvic, jeter, infekcijske bolezni, levkemija, pomanjkanje vitaminov (C, K)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ukrepi v spol\u0161ni ambulanti
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0digitalna kompresija
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0mrzli obkladki
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kemi\u010dna kavterizacija
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sprednja nosna tamponada
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0balonski kateter
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0napotitev v specialisti\u010dno ambulanto
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0krvavitev kljub sprednji tamponadi
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zadaj\u0161nja epistaksa (a. ethmoidalis anterior, veja a. sphenopalatina)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ponavljajo\u010de epistaksami (tumor?)<\/p>\n
31.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Nosna polipoza<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0polip: vzbrst ali izrastek, navadno s pec\u00acljem iz sluznice nosu
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vzrok
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dolgotrajno dra\u017eenje z alergeni ali infekcije
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hormonske ali psihosomatske motnje
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nepravilnosti v zgornji nosni votlini
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0alregi\u010dni vzrok \u2192 dalj \u010dasa trajajo\u010de vnetje \u2192 oteklina \u2192 polip
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0posledice: edem \u2192 motena venska drena\u017ea \u2192 izliv v stratum
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0simptomi: te\u017eave z dihanjem
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0terapija: \u010de povzro\u010da simptome, kirur\u0161ka odstranitev<\/p>\n
32.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Furnukli<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0terapija: visoke doze \u0161iroko spektralnih antibiotikov, antibioti\u010dna mazila<\/p>\n
33.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Sinuzitis<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0glede na lokacijo in glede na trajanje (akutna \u2013 kataralna, gnojna)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0antibiotiki, kapljice za anemizacijo nosne sluznice
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ev. operativno \u2013 odstranimo bolezenske tvorbe<\/p>\n
34.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Anatomija \u017erela in grla<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u017erelo
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nosni del (epi- ali nasopharynx)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ustni del (meso- ali oropharynx)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0grlni del (hypo- ali laryngopharynx)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0stena \u017erela: adventicija, pre\u010dno progasto mi\u0161i\u010dja, sluznice, ki jo pokriva ve\u010dskladni plo\u0161\u010dati, delno vispkoprizmatski epitelij
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0grlo
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0supraglotis
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0glotis
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0subglotis<\/p>\n
35.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Meja med ustno votlino in \u017erelom<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prednja nebna loka (arcus palatoglosi) \u2013 v njiju nebnici (tansillae palatinae)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0le\u017eita v \u017erelu
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0strop v ustih, ki deli ustno votlino od nosne
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zgoraj mehko nebo (pallatum mole)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0spodaj papillae vallatae<\/p>\n
36.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Meja med \u017erelom in grlom<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0poklopec (epiglottis)<\/p>\n
37.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Vloga grla<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dihalna
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0govorna
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0za\u0161\u010ditna (pri po\u017eiranju)<\/p>\n
38.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Hrustanci grla<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0161\u010ditasti (cartilago arytenoidea)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0obro\u010dasti ali prstanasti (cartilago cricoidea)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0piramidni (cartilago arytenoidea)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0poklopec (cartilago epiglottica)<\/p>\n
39.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Anatomija po\u017eiralnika<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0oesophagus
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0mi\u0161i\u010dna cev, po kateri prehaja hrana iz \u017erela v \u017eelodec
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sluznica: gladek, plo\u0161\u010dat ve\u010d\u00acskladen epitelij
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0mi\u0161ice
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0stena: mo\u010dna mi\u0161i\u010dna vlakna, ki so urejena v snopih (naktera kro\u017eno, druga vzdol\u017eno)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zgornji in spodnji sfinkter \u2013 mi\u0161ici zapiralki
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zgoraj pre\u010dno progaste, v sredini me\u0161ane, spodaj gladke<\/p>\n
40.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Vnetja v \u017erelu<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetja \u017erelne sluznice
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0akutno kataralno vnetje (pharyngitis acuta catarrhalis)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0akutno gnojno vnetje (pharyngitis acuta purulenta)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0akutno ulcerozno vnetje (pharyngitis acuta ulcerosa)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ventja nebnic
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kataralno vnetje
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0folikularno vnetje
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0lakunarno vnetje
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ulcerozno vnetje
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0angina \u2013 akutno vnetje Waldeyerjevega mezgovnega obro\u010da in \u017erelne sluznice
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kataralni: simptomatsko
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0gnojnih: penicilin
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zapleti: operacija, penicilin, efloran ali klindamicin
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zapleti akutnih tonzilitisov
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0peritonzilarni absces
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0retrofaringealni absces
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0parafaringealni<\/p>\n
41.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Waldeyerjev limfati\u010dni obro\u010d<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0bezgavke, mezgovnice, limfa
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0tonsilla pharyngea, adenoidea (\u017erelnica)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0tonsillae palatinae (nebnici)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0tonsilla lingualis (limfno tkivo jezika)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0tonsilla tubaria<\/p>\n
42.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Pove\u010dana \u017erelnica<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pritiska na faringealno ustje
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u017erelnica slab\u0161e prehodna \u2013 povzro\u010da te\u017eko dihanje<\/p>\n
43.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Tonzilektomija<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0odstranitev nebnic
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0indikacije
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ponavljajo\u010de se angine (3 \u2013 4 x letno)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0preboleli peritonzilarni ognojek
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kroni\u010dno vnetje nebnic (tonsilits chr.)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sum na koti\u0161\u010dno oku\u017ebo
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0mo\u010dno pove\u010danje nebnic (\u010de predstavljajo mehani\u010dno oviro dihanja in hranjenja)<\/p>\n
44.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Epiglotitis<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0akutno vnetje poklopca \u2013 otekanje
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0predvsem otroci, stari 2 do 6 let
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ovirano dihanje \u2013 lahko zadu\u0161tev
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0znaki: temperatura, ob\u010dutek tujka v grlu, bole\u010dine, stridor
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje: antibiotiki, kortikosteroidi, intubacija, krg zdravljenje<\/p>\n
[wp_ad_camp_1]<\/p>\n
45.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Subglotisni laringitis<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0akutno vnetje laringealne sluznice
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0predvsem otroci
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vzrok
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0virusi, streptokoki, haemophilus influenzae
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0alergija, eksudativna diateza
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nevrovegetativne motnje
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0neugodne vremenske okoli\u0161\u010dine
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0znaki: hripavost, inspiratorni stridor, dihanje z nosnicami in pomo\u017eno dihalno muskulaturo, lajajo\u010d ka\u0161elj, cianoza, nemir, temperatura
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje: antibiotiki, kortikosteroidi, nazotrahealna intubacija, traheotomija<\/p>\n
46.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Kroni\u010dni laringitis<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0oblike
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0laryngitis chronica catarrhalis
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0laryngitis chronica hypertrophica
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0laryngitis chronica atrophica
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0znaki: hripavost, ob\u010dutek tujka, dra\u017eenja, suhosti
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vzrok: kajenje, preve\u010d vro\u010d, hladen, vla\u017een, suh zrak, dra\u017ee\u010di plini, prah, napa\u010dna raba glasilk, bolezni drugih organov (nos, obnosne votline, \u017erelo\u2026)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zdravljenje: odstranitev vzroka, vitamini, sprememba klime.<\/p>\n
47.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Tujek v dihalnih poteh<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ukrepi: Heimlichov prijem, o\u010di\u0161\u010denje zgornjih dihalnih poti<\/p>\n
48.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Korozivna po\u0161kodba po\u017eiralnika<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0klini\u010dna slika odvisna od stopnje po\u0161kodbe
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0prvi ukrep \u2013 proti \u0161oku in infekciji
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nezavest \u2013 intubiracija<\/p>\n
49.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Disfagija<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0motnja po\u017eiranja
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vzroki
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0patolo\u0161ki proces v steni zgornjega dela prebavil ali v okolici zgornjega dela prebavil (spazem, zo\u017eitev zaradi brazgo\u00actine, tumorja, ezofagitisa, ahalazije)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0tujki v zgornjem delu prebavil
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0okvare o\u017eiv\u010denja po\u017eiranja in funkcionalne motnje
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0psihogeni vzroki<\/p>\n
50.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Disfonija<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hripavost
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0govorna motnja \u2013 fonacijska motnja tvorbe glasu
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zvo\u010dni u\u010dinek motene dejavnosti glasilk, ki jo zaznamo s sluhom
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vzrok \u2013 organski ali funcionalni
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetja
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po\u0161kodbe, operacije
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zamejene benigne hiperplasti\u010dne spremembe
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0karcinom
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hripavost \u017eiv\u010dnega izvora
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0funkcionalna hripavost
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hiperkineti\u010dna in hipokineti\u010dna disfonija<\/p>\n
51.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Hiperplasti\u010dne zamejene (benigne) spremembe laringealne sluznice<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vzbrsti, ki se ostro lo\u010dijo od okolice
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0le\u017eijo v ravni sluznice, pod ali nad njo
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0histolo\u0161ka zgradba ne ka\u017ee posebnih sprememb
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vozli\u010di, polipi, granulomi, ciste, papilomi, razjeda, keratoza, Reinkejev edem, (hripavost)<\/p>\n
52.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Pleomorfni adenom – tumor mixtus<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0benigni tumor \u017elez slinavk
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0lahko maligno aterira \u2013 \u010dimprej\u0161nja odstranitev
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vra\u0161\u010danje v obrazni \u017eivec<\/p>\n
53.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Benigni adenom<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0podoben \u017eleznemu tkivu, nastane iz epitela<\/p>\n
54.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Malignom grla<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zgodnji znaki
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0supraglotisni
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0peko\u010de bole\u010dine
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ob\u010dutek tujka
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0glotisnih
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hripavost
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0ob\u010dutek tujka
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0subglotisnih
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0suh dra\u017ee\u010d ka\u0161elj
\n\uf0a7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0krvavkast izpljunek<\/p>\n
55.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Bolezni \u017elez slinavk<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sialodenitis: vnetje slinavk
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dolgotrajno, ponavljajo\u010de vnetje ene ali ve\u010d \u017elez slinavk
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u017eleze so edematozne
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0posledica: izlo\u010danje kakovostno spremenjene sline, zastoja sline v izvodilih zaradi prizadetosti \u017eleznega parenhima po prehodnih vnetjih
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0spremenjena \u017eleza izlo\u010da gosto slino \u2013 pospe\u0161uje novo vnetje in tvorbo konkrementov
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sialolitiaza: konkrementi v izvodilih slinavk zaradi motnje v sestavi sline
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0sialodenoza: bolezni slinavk zaradi revmati\u010dnih bolezni ali bolezni \u017elez z notranjim izlo\u010danjem, slina se zgosti in usahne \u2192 edem<\/p>\n
56.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Govorne motnje<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0motnje glasu \u2013 fonacijske motnje
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0artikulacijske motnje
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dislalija (nepravilno oblikovanje posameznih glasov)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0disfemija (motnje ritma govora)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0subsimboli\u010dne motnje
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0afazija (simboli\u010dne motnje)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0govor du\u0161evno zaostalih<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0disfazija: motena zmo\u017enost izbire besed pri govorjenju zaradi mo\u017eganske okvare<\/p>\n
57.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Vzroki fonacijskih motenj<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0organsko pogojene
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0akutno vnetje grla (laryngitis)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kroni\u010dna vnetja
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zamejene hiperplasti\u010dne tvorbe
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0po\u0161kodba \u017eivca grla
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0funkcionalno pogojene motnje fonacije
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0motnje glasu kot posledica operativnih posegov<\/p>\n
58.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Orotrahealna intubacija
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0huda obolenja dihal
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0karcinomi grla<\/p>\n
59.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Bolezni, ki se lahko ka\u017eejo z spremembami v ustih
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0anemija, o\u0161pice, trombocitopenija, levkemija, AIDS<\/p>\n
60.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Bolezni, ki se pojavljajo v ustih
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0infekcijske bolezni
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0abnormalni pojavi na jeziku
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0vnetja: gingivitis, paradonitis, paradontoza<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0gingivitis \u2013 vnetje dlesni
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0akutni (dlesni rde\u010de, otekle, krvave\u010de)
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0kroni\u010dni (dlesni ne krvavijo, blede, trde, se kr\u010dijo)
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0paradonitis
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0globje vnetje dlesni z \u017eepi
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0destrukcija kostnine
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0paradontoza
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0degenerativna, kroni\u010dna (5 \u2013 10 let) bolezen neznane etiologije
\no\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0gingive normalne, prizadet obe\u0161alni aparat (manj\u0161i)<\/p>\n
61.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Disgnatija
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nepravilna lega zob, nepravilnost zobnega loka, lokalne okluzijske motnje (zavrten zob)<\/p>\n
62.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Mikrogenija
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0nezadostna razvitost spodnje \u010deljusti \u2013 op.<\/p>\n
63.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Zapoznela denticija
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u010de prvi zob izra\u0161\u010da v 12 mesecu starosti<\/p>\n
64.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Mineralizacija mle\u010dnih zob
\n–\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0pribl. od 4. \u2013 5. do 17. tedna nose\u010dnosti<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Anatomija in fiziologija zunanjega u\u0161esa –\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0iz prve \u0161kr\u017ene brazde (mezoderm in ektoderm) –\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0uhelj o\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hrustanec, ko\u017ea –\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0zunanji sluhovod o\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dla\u010dice, lojnice, mastilke (glandule ceruminosae) \u2013 cerumen 2.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Anatomija in fiziologija srednjega u\u0161esa –\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0iz prvega \u0161kr\u017enega \u017eepa (tubotimpanalni recesus), ko\u0161\u010dice iz prvega in drugega \u0161kr\u017enega loka –\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0bobni\u010dna votlina, Evstahijeva tuba, … Preberi ve\u010d o Orl<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":336,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1095],"tags":[1096,1721,1099,3321],"class_list":["post-2794","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-3letnik-otorinolaringologija","tag-orl","tag-orl-gradivo","tag-otorinolaringologija","tag-zapiski-za-orl"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2794","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/336"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2794"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2794\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2794"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2794"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2794"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}