{"id":753,"date":"2009-06-08T17:34:43","date_gmt":"2009-06-08T16:34:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/?p=753"},"modified":"2010-06-15T10:14:10","modified_gmt":"2010-06-15T09:14:10","slug":"majhen-otrok-predsolski-otrok-zdravstvena-nega-otroka-in-mladostnika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/majhen-otrok-predsolski-otrok-zdravstvena-nega-otroka-in-mladostnika\/","title":{"rendered":"ZN otroka in mladostnika zapiski 2.del"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"otroci-zdravstvena-nega-otroka\"MAJHEN IN PRED\u0160OLSKI OTROK<\/strong><\/p>\n

Majhen otrok ali mal\u010dek je otrok od 1. do 3. leta starosti.<\/p>\n

Pred\u0161olski otrok je otrok do vstopa v \u0161olo.<\/p>\n

Rast in razvoj majhnega otroka<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rast je po\u010dasnej\u0161a kot pri dojen\u010dku (zmanj\u0161an apetit, pove\u010dana fizi\u010dna aktivnost)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sistematski pregled – psihofizi\u010dni razvoj<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ve\u010dina otrok po 1. letu samostojno hodi in izgovarja posamezne besede ter tvori kraj\u0161e stavke<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Matere niso ve\u010d na porodni\u0161kem dopustu<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mnogi otroci so vklju\u010deni v jasli in vrtec<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Varstvo pri babicah,..<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrok raziskuje svojo okolico, pri \u010demer je vzpostavljen mnogim nevarnostim<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V tem obdobju se otrok nau\u010di govoriti, samostojno jesti in hoditi<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sistematski pregled pri prvem, tretjem in \u0161estem letu starosti<\/p>\n

Sistemati\u010dni pregled triletnega otroka obsega:<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Psihomotori\u010dni pregled<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Antropolo\u0161ki pregled<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pregled vida, sluha, govora<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pregled lokomotornega sistema<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pregled zobovja<\/p>\n

ZDRAVSTVENA NEGA MAJHNEGA IN PRED\u0160OLSKEGA OTROKA<\/strong><\/p>\n

PREHRANJEVANJE IN PITJE<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Upo\u010dasnjena rast pri 2. letu starosti<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dveletni otrok \u017ee samostojno je in pije iz kozarca<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pet obrokov na dan, pije naj nesladkane pija\u010de<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K jedi ga ne smemo siliti<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Koli\u010dino hrane in \u0161tevilo obrokov odrejajo otrokove potrebe in njegov apetit, kar pa je odvisno od starosti, telesnega razvoja in fizi\u010dne aktivnosti.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vsi otroci nimajo enakega apetita, pri ugotavljanju potreb po hrani se upo\u0161tevajo dnevna in tedenska nihanja.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Letni prirastek TT je 2 kg, TV pa 5 – 7 cm.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nevarnost sla\u0161\u010dic<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Debelost, ki je predmet posmeha vrstnikov in povzro\u010da mnogim otrokom psihi\u010dne travme<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u010cezmerna debelost obremenjuje kardiovaskularni in lokomotorni aparat<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nekateri \u0161e uporabljajo stekleni\u010dko in dudo, ki je lahko posledica zapu\u0161\u010denosti in \u010dustvene zanemarjenosti.<\/p>\n

Cilj: Dobro prehranjen otrok, ki pridobiva TT in TV.<\/p>\n

Otrok se je sposoben sam nahraniti.<\/p>\n

Na\u010drt:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Estetsko in privla\u010dno serviranje hrane ter prijetno in mirno okolje.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S siljenjem in izsiljevanjem pokvarimo fiziolo\u0161ke mehanizme odmerjanja pravilnih koli\u010din hrane.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To povzro\u010di debelost pri otrocih, ker na \u017eeljo star\u0161e vse pojedo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrok lahko tudi izgublja TT, ker zaradi stalnega siljenja s hrano, dobo do nje odpor.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroku je potrebno pustiti nekaj svobode pri izbiri jedi.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Zavedati se moramo, da je hrana potrebna za rast in ne sredstvo, s katerim silimo otroka k disciplini.<\/p>\n

IZLO\u010cANJE IN ODVAJANJE<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Navajanje na kahlico<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prezgodnje, prestrogo, grobo navajanje ote\u017euje vzpostavljanje nadzora<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrok potrebuje veliko spodbude, sodelovanja in potrpljenja star\u0161ev<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kakr\u0161enkoli pritisk na otroka, da mora samostojno nadzorovati potrebo, preden je za to sposoben, lahko samo \u0161e poslab\u0161a in ote\u017ei osvojitev higienskih navad<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kontrolirano izlo\u010danje urina bo otrok obvladal kasneje (mokra postelja)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bruhanje je povezano z boleznijo (ileus)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Znojenje pri povi\u0161ani fizi\u010dni aktivnosti<\/p>\n

Cilj: Normalno izlo\u010danje blata in urina ter osvojena<\/p>\n

aktivnost kontrole brez psihi\u010dnih stresov.<\/p>\n

Na\u010drt:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ne silimo otroka na kahlico<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroka pohvalimo, ko izlo\u010di blato v kahlico, vendar ne pretiravamo<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroka ne silimo, da sedi na kahlici, \u010deprav ka\u017ee znake ti\u0161\u010danja na defekacijo<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Odrasli naj se ne zgra\u017eajo nad blatom, saj je otroku blato zanimivo, saj je njegovo in je pri\u0161lo iz njega<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroku je potrebno pomagati, da bo postal \u010dim bolj samostojen<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Uporaba \u0161koljke<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Za\u0161\u010dita postelje s platnom, ko otroka navajamo brez plenice tudi pono\u010di<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrok naj ne hodi \u017eejen spat<\/p>\n

OSEBNA HIGIENA IN \u00a0UREJENOST<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Potreba po intenzivni telesni negi<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Navajanje na samostojnost<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u010cistilna kopel, umivanje glave, AG nega, nega nohtov in redno umivanje zob.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Preventiva in zdravljenje zobne gnilobe<\/p>\n

Cilj: \u010cist, dobro negovan otrok z nespremenjeno ko\u017eo in<\/p>\n

brez oku\u017eb.<\/p>\n

V nave\u010dji mo\u017eni meri prepre\u010den zobni karies.<\/p>\n

Na\u010drt:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Previjanje po potrebi (otroka moti, ker mu jemlje \u010das)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u010cistilna kopel zve\u010der \/ prhanje<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Umivanje glave enkrat na teden<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Umivanje rok<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nega nohtov<\/p>\n

Ukrepi za prepre\u010devanje zobne gnilobe:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Grizenje \u010dvrste hrane<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dobra ustna higiena<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Redni obiski pri zobozdravniku<\/p>\n

OBLA\u010cENJE IN SLA\u010cENJE<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Obleka \u0161\u010diti otroka pred vremenskimi razmerami in po\u0161kodbami<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sodelovanje otroka pri obla\u010denju in izbiri obla\u010dil<\/p>\n

Cilj: Udobno oble\u010den otrok v obla\u010dila, ki ne motijo njegovega razvoja.<\/p>\n

Vzdr\u017eevana normalna TT s pravilnim obla\u010denjem in izbiro materialov.<\/p>\n

Na\u010drt:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kroji ne smejo ovirati otrokovega razvoja<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroka je primernej\u0161e oble\u010di v ve\u010d tanj\u0161ih obla\u010dil, kot pa v debel pulover<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Izbira \u010devljev<\/p>\n

GIBANJE<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Velika potreba otroka po nenehnem gibanju<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V pred\u0161olski dobi se mi\u0161i\u010dje krepi in izpodriva ma\u0161\u010dobno tkivo<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Razvoj hoje<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pred\u0161olski otrok ne lo\u010di telesne, miselne dejavnosti.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrok potrebuje razli\u010dne motori\u010dne igra\u010de (\u017eoga, kolo, gugalnica, igra\u010de za porivanje in vle\u010denje,…)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrok osvaja razli\u010dne oblike gibanja( vzpenjati se v hrib, kotaliti navzdol, plavanje, drsanje, smu\u010danje,….)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vse telesne aktivnosti so pomembne za skladen telesni in du\u0161evni razvoj.<\/p>\n

Cilj: Razgiban, aktiven otrok, ki osvaja spretnosti gibanja, primerne za dolo\u010deno starost, in s tem razvija mo\u010d. Brez tega ostane \u0161ibak, odrinjen iz otro\u0161kega kolektiva, saj se ne more kosati s svojimi vrstniki.<\/p>\n

Na\u010drt:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroka ne silimo k hoji<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroku pustimo svobodo v gibanju<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Neprimerno ga je vzpodbujati, da bo padel, se po\u0161kodoval,…. S tem se bo razvil prestra\u0161en in siten otrok, ki se bo bal telesnih aktivnosti.<\/p>\n

SPANJE IN PO\u010cITEK<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Potrebe po spanju in po\u010ditku (14 ur na dan)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Priprava na spanje<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sanje<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No\u010dna mora<\/p>\n

Cilj: Naspan in zadovoljen otrok in star\u0161i.<\/p>\n

Na\u010drt:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrok naj ima svojo posteljo<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bivanje v sobi ali postelji ne sme biti nikoli sredstvo kazni<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Zadnja pravljica naj bo prebrana v postelji<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroka, ki pono\u010di govori, vendar je miren, pustimo spati<\/p>\n

IZOGIBANJE NEVARNOSTIM V OKOLJU<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stalni nadzor<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroci raziskujejo okolico in predmete, ki jih dajejo v usta<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nevarnost zau\u017eitja zdravil in drugih kemi\u010dnih snovi<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nevarnost padcev<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nevarnost opeklin<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nesre\u010de pri vo\u017enji s kolesom<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prometne nesre\u010de<\/p>\n

Cilj: Zdrav in nepo\u0161kodovan otrok, obvarovan smrti ali invalidnosti zaradi nesre\u010de.<\/p>\n

KOMUNIKACIJA , IZRA\u017dANJE \u010cUSTEV IN POTREB<\/strong><\/p>\n

Otrok se individualizira, spoznava svojo osebnost in pogosto uporablja besedo “jaz”.<\/p>\n

Na\u010din reagiranja star\u0161ev na otrokove signale.<\/p>\n

Vzpostavljanje ob\u010dutka varnosti in so\u017eitja med materjo in otrokom.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Jok<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Razvoj govora (jecljanje, klepetavost, otro\u0161ka govorica, neprimerne grde besede, uporaba zmerljivk in \u017ealjivk)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pomen socializacije<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Problem v otrokovi socializaciji lahko pomeni nov dru\u017einski \u010dlan<\/p>\n

Cilj: Dobro komunikativen otrok, ki do\u017eivlja \u010dim manj<\/p>\n

strahu, je varovan in ljubljen.<\/p>\n

Socializiran otrok, vklju\u010den v \u0161ir\u0161e dru\u017ebeno okolje, s<\/p>\n

\u010dim ve\u010djo mero samodiscipline.<\/p>\n

Na\u010drt:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroku pustimo samostojnost do stopnje, ki jo je \u0161e sposoben obvladati<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroku moramo v stiski pomagati, razumeti moramo njegovo stisko<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fobije se ne da premagati na razumski ravni. Otroku pomagamo tako, da se ne sre\u010duje s stvarmi, ki se jih boji<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pri izbruhih jeze se ne prerekamo z otrokom, pustimo ga na tleh, da se pomiri<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pri razvoju govora je pomembno, da se z otrokom veliko pogovarjamo, ga ne popravljamo v vsaki besedi, na vpra\u0161anja odgovarjamo kratko in pravilno, brez otro\u0161ke govorice<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Neprimerne besede naj star\u0161i presli\u0161ijo<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Priprava otroka na vrtec<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroku ni dobro pripovedovati o razburljivih stvareh, ki so se dogajale doma v \u010dasu njegove odsotnosti<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroka je potrebno pripraviti na prihod novega dru\u017einskega \u010dlana<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Za uspe\u0161no socializacijo je potrebno tudi lepo vedenje. Lepo vedenje je potrebno nagrajevati, grdega pa NE kaznovati.<\/p>\n

REKREACIJA, DNEVNE AKTIVNOSTI<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Velike potrebe po igri in rekreaciji<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gibanje na sve\u017eem zraku<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otro\u0161ka igra. Otrok v igri u\u017eiva, se zaposli, u\u010di, sprosti.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Igra za otroka predstavlja razvedrilo in sprostitev, vanjo pa se tudi zate\u010de, kadar je osamljen, \u017ealosten, mu je hudo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Izbira primernih igra\u010d glede na razvojno stopnjo<\/p>\n

Cilj: Spro\u0161\u010den, razgiban in zadovoljen otrok s krepkimi<\/p>\n

gibali in\u00a0 osvojenimi spretnostmi.<\/p>\n

U\u010cENJE<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrok v tem obdobju naredi ogromen preskok v svojem razvoju. Iz obdobja dojen\u010dka se razvija v otroka, vklju\u010denega v \u0161ir\u0161e dru\u017ebeno okolje in psihofizi\u010dnega pripravljenega v \u0161olo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 U\u010denje je vklju\u010deno s telesno aktivnostjo, igro.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ob koncu tega obdobja je ve\u010dina otrok zmo\u017ena popolne samooskrbe<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Za uspe\u0161no u\u010denje je pomembna ugodna dru\u017einska klima, ki je pogoj, da ima otrok ob\u010dutek varnosti in ljubljenosti.<\/p>\n

\u0160OLSKI OTROK IN MLADOSTNIK<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pri 6 letih je otrok zrel za \u0161olo<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrokov dnevni ritem se spremeni, manj \u010dasa je za igro<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nekateri star\u0161i se bojijo in sku\u0161ajo otroka pripraviti<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Za otroka in pozitivno sprejemanje \u0161ole so \u0161kodljive gro\u017enje<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Frustracije ali uspehi v \u0161oli, vplivajo na otrokov razvoj<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Puberteta – zadnje obdobje intenzivne rasti, kjer otrok tudi biolo\u0161ko dozoreva<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Spremembe v obna\u0161anju otroka, \u017eelja po osamosvojitvi<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u017de nepomemben konflikt lahko pripelje do samomora<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pozitivni dejavniki v okolju, razumevanje in ustrezna toleranca pomagajo mladi osebi, da la\u017ee odraste<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Adolescenca traja od nastopa spolne zrelosti do zaklju\u010dka rasti in razvoja<\/p>\n

Odrasel \u010dlovek je tisti, ki je prevzel v svojem \u017eivljenju ve\u010d socialnih vlog.<\/p>\n

Sistemati\u010dni pregledi (klini\u010dni pregled, kontrola telesnega razvoja, vida, sluha, okostja, zobovja).<\/p>\n

GIBANJE IN REKREACIJA<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Potrebe otroka po gibanju<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V tem obdobju je nevarnost, da se razvije slaba dr\u017ea, nezainteresiranost za gibanje, rekreacijo in krepitev lastnega telesa.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Priljubljene so \u0161portne igre in tekmovanja.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Potreba po nemotenem po\u010ditku.<\/p>\n

Cilj: Zdrav, razgiban, spro\u0161\u010den otrok s pravilno telesno te\u017eo in dobro dr\u017eo.<\/p>\n

Na\u010drt:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gibanje na sve\u017eem zraku<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pravilno sedenje in izbira stola<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Torbo naj otroci nosijo na hrbtu<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Usmeritev otroka v razli\u010dne \u0161porte<\/p>\n

IZOGIBANJE NEVARNOSTIM V OKOLJU<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Varnost v prometu (upo\u0161tevanje prometnih predpisov)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Odgovornost v cestnem prometu<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Varna vo\u017enja s kolesom in rolerji z uporabo \u010delade<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Uporaba varnostnih pasov v avtomobilu<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pravila igre in \u0161portov v vodi<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fizi\u010dna priprava otroka za ukvarjanje s posameznim \u0161portom<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroci se lahko po\u0161kodujejo tudi zaradi neurejenih \u0161portnih objektov<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nevarnost kajenja, alkohola in droge<\/p>\n

PREHRANJEVANJE IN PITJE<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hranjenje med rednimi obroki<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 U\u017eivanje hrane pred TV<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pretirano soljena, sladkana ali za\u010dinjena hrana<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 U\u017eivanje hitro pripravljene hrane<\/p>\n

V tem obdobju se lahko pojavijo prehrambene motnje, kot so anoreksija in bulimija.<\/p>\n

VZDR\u017dEVANJE TELESNE HIGIENE<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pove\u010dana potreba po osebni higieni zaradi pove\u010danega delovanja \u017elez lojnic in znojnic.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V obdobju pubertete se pove\u010da \u0161tevilo aken, lasje se bolj mastijo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroku moramo privzgajati potrebe po osebni higieni, saj bo le \u010dist in urejen sprejet med svojimi vrstniki.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dekleta : higienska ureditev menstruacije<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Higienska obleka in obutev, ki vplivata na zdrav razvoj in dobro po\u010dutje (zra\u010dna obutev, ki ne ti\u0161\u010di, ne bo ovirala nog v rasti).<\/p>\n

Cilj: \u010cist in urejen otrok.<\/p>\n

SPOLNOST IN SPOLNA VZGOJA<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Je nujen del splo\u0161ne vzgoje otrok in mladine.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dobri odnosi v dru\u017eini, skladnost, harmonija in prijateljstvo pozitivno vplivajo na du\u0161evno in spolno dozorevanje otrok.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Zgodnje spolno \u017eivljenje je zna\u010dilno za otroke iz neurejenih dru\u017ein, ki so prepu\u0161\u010deni sami sebi, nimajo ob\u010dutka varnosti in pripadnosti. Prilagodijo se normam obna\u0161anja mladostni\u0161ke skupine, v katero se vklju\u010dijo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Posledice: zanositve, splavi, oku\u017ebe, psihi\u010dne travme.<\/p>\n

Cilj: Razvoj stabilne osebnosti, sposobne zdravega\u00a0 ljubezenskega, spolnega in zakonskega \u017eivljenja, ki najde v razmerju med spoloma resni\u010dno \u017eivljenjsko\u00a0 sre\u010do.<\/p>\n

Na\u010drt:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prepre\u010devanje zgodnjih spolnih odnosov in s tem zmanj\u0161evati travme<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Star\u0161i naj se posve\u010dajo svojim otrokom, ko jih potrebujejo, in le takrat, ko imajo slu\u010dajno \u010das<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vklju\u010ditev otroka v razne izven\u0161olske dejavnosti<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Priprava mladostnika na spolnost (fiziologija zanositve, kontracepcijska sredstva, obisk pri ginekologu).<\/p>\n

IGRA IN IGRA\u010cE<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Igra je za otroka poleg hrane in spanja najpomembnej\u0161a osnovna \u017eivljenjska potreba, ki mu jo je potrebno zadovoljiti vsak dan.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Igra je za otroka sredstvo spoznavanja in izra\u017eanja.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrok z igro raste, z njo zaznava svet in uri svoja \u010dutila. Igra\u010de gleda in poslu\u0161a, spoznava njihove pisane barve, njihovo gibanje in zvok.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrokove igra\u010de morajo biti primerne njegovemu psihofizi\u010dnemu razvoju in morajo ustrezati kriterijem za dobro igra\u010do.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pri igri otrok ne potrebuje le igra\u010de, temve\u010d tudi star\u0161e, ki ob igri spoznavajo svojega otroka.<\/p>\n

Kriteriji za dobro igra\u010do<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Igra\u010da mora biti varna, narejena iz ne\u0161kodljivih materialov<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Se\u0161ita z mo\u010dnimi \u0161ivi, posamezni deli morajo biti trdno pritrjeni<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Povr\u0161ina igra\u010de mora biti gladka, robovi in vogali zaobljeni<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Izdelana mora biti iz neopore\u010dnih materialov, ki za otroka niso strupeni<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroku mora vzbujati \u010dut za lepoto in harmonijo<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Igra\u010da mora biti vsebinsko bogata, vendar preprosta<\/p>\n

Higiensko vzdr\u017eevanje igra\u010d<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vsaka igra\u010da mora biti izdelana tako, da je higiensko vzdr\u017eevanje preprosto<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Materiali in izdelava morajo prenesti ve\u010dkratno mehani\u010dno in kemi\u010dno \u010di\u0161\u010denje<\/p>\n

Izbira primerne igra\u010de glede na starost otroka<\/p>\n

Otrok do 6. meseca starosti<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Igra\u010de, ki spodbujajo vseh pet \u010dutil, s katerimi otrok spoznava barve, materiale, sestavo in razne zanimive oblike<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Igra\u010de, ki ropotajo in se odzivajo na otrokove gibe (ropotuljica)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroku dajejo ob\u010dutek, da lahko neko po\u010detje nadzoruje. Tako pospe\u0161ujemo razvoj spretnosti upravljanja, vodenja in koordinacijo.<\/p>\n

Otrok od 6. meseca do 1. leta starosti<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– \u017doge, velike kocke, premikajo\u010de se igra\u010de, knjige iz lepenke in plastike<\/p>\n

Majhen otrok<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ima \u017ee razvite ro\u010dne spretnosti<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kocke zlaga eno na drugo<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pri igri je vztrajen in ima rad igra\u010de, ki jih lahko uporabi na ve\u010d na\u010dinov<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Primerne naslednje igra\u010de: kocke razli\u010dnih velikosti, glasbene igra\u010de, igra\u010de, ki jih lahko vle\u010de za sabo, barvice, plastelin, igra\u010de, ki spodbujajo ro\u010dno spretnost, knjige s preprostimi zgodbicami.<\/p>\n

Pred\u0161olski otrok<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ka\u017ee nagnjenje k dolo\u010deni vrsti igra\u010d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pri nekaterih igra\u010dah ne potrebuje dru\u017ebe in razvija lastno domi\u0161ljijo, druge pa so take, ki vzpodbujajo dru\u017eabnost in sodelovanje z drugimi<\/p>\n

PRESOJA PREHRAMBENEGA STANJA<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kakovostno in koli\u010dinsko pravilno sestavljena hrana omogo\u010da dober fizi\u010den in psihi\u010den razvoj otroka. Napake v prehrani se hitro odra\u017eajo v videzu otroka.<\/p>\n

Pokazatelji prehranjenosti:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pridobivanje TT<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Porast TD<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Videz ko\u017ee<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Podko\u017eno ma\u0161\u010devje<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Laboratorijske preiskave<\/p>\n

Potrebe otroka po hrani v prvem letu \u017eivljenja<\/p>\n

Voda<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mleko, \u010daj, prekuhana voda<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sadje, zelenjava……….
\n
\nPotrebe po vodi so odvisne tudi od otrokova aktivnosti, temperature okolja in vla\u017enosti zraka.<\/p>\n

Izguba dnevnega vnosa teko\u010dine:<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s perspiracijo iz ko\u017ee in sluznic<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 z urinom<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s fecesom<\/p>\n

Energija<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Potrebe po energiji pokrivajo energijo za bazalni metabolizem, energijo za rast, za specifi\u010dno delovanje hrane, mi\u0161i\u010dno aktivnost, nekaj pa se je izgubi z izlo\u010dki.<\/p>\n

Porazdelitev porabe energije je v otro\u0161ki dobi druga\u010dna kot pri odraslem:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 bazalni metabolizem 50%<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 rast 12%<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 specifi\u010dno dinami\u010dno delovanje hrane 5%<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 mi\u0161i\u010dna aktivnost 25%<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 izguba z izlo\u010dki 8%<\/p>\n

Beljakovine<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V prehrani so nenadomestljive. Razgradijo se do AK, katere telo izkoristi za sintezo lastnih B, kar je \u0161e posebej pomembno v dobi rasti.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Beljakovine so sestavni del celi\u010dnega jedra in protoplazme, medceli\u010dnine, hormonov, prebavnih fermentov, protiteles.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B \u017eivalskega izvora (mleko, meso, jajca, ribe, mle\u010dni izdelki).<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B rastlinskega izvora (krompir, grah, fi\u017eol, p\u0161enica, sadje).<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B \u017eivalskega izvora vsebujejo vse esencialne AK.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Za pravilen izkoristek beljakovin je nujno, da so po koli\u010dini in kakovosti enakomerno razporejene v enem dnevu.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pomanjkanje beljakovin v hrani povzro\u010di izrabljanje telesnih beljakovin.<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Ogljikovi hidrati<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 OH pomenijo glavni vir energije. Razgrajujejo se s pomo\u010djo encimov in se dobro resorbirajo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrok jih dobiva z mlekom, sladkorjem, sadjem, zelenjavo, moko.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V organizmu ni rezerve OH, razen nekaj malega glikogena v jetrih in mi\u0161icah.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pomembni so tudi za normalno presnovo ma\u0161\u010dob.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V prehrani dojen\u010dka pokrijejo 55% potrebne energije.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Osnovni sladkor je laktoza, ki vpliva na kislost blata (odpornost proti \u010drevesnim infektom- E.coli) in prepre\u010duje prekomerno nara\u0161\u010danje TT.<\/p>\n

Ma\u0161\u010dobe<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Skupaj z OH pomenijo M glavni energetski vir telesa. Hrani dajejo dober okus in so vir v ma\u0161\u010dobah topnih vitaminov.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Esencilane ma\u0161\u010dobne kisline (KML, MML, rastlinska olja)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Viri ma\u0161\u010dob: mleko, rumenjak, rastlinska olja<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ma\u0161\u010doba predstavlja v telesu rezervo energije, telo varuje pred ohladitvijo in je le\u017ei\u0161\u010de ob\u010dutljivim notanjim organom.<\/p>\n

Vitamini<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 So organske spojine, ki so za organizem nujne. Po biokemi\u010dnih in fiziolo\u0161kih lastnostih se delijo na vitamine topne v ma\u0161\u010dobah (A, D, E, K) in vitamine topne v vodi (C, B kompleksa).<\/p>\n

Minerali<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 So esencialne sestavine telesnih tkiv in teko\u010din. So sestavni del cc, medceli\u010dnine, encimov, hormonov, sodelujejo pri izlo\u010danju vode iz telesa (Fe, Ca, K, Na, Cl).<\/p>\n

PREHRANA OTROKA V PRVEM LETU \u017dIVLJENJA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dojenje<\/p>\n

Prehrana z mle\u010dnimi formulami<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mle\u010dne formule so industrijsko pripravljeni nadomestki za MML, ki so narejeni iz KML, v katerem sta koli\u010dina in sestava B, M, OH, mineralov in vitaminov, prilagojeni \u017eenskemu mleku do stopnje, ki jo omogo\u010da sodobna tehnologija.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pri izdelavi nadomestkov se upo\u0161tevajo starost, TT, rast in razvoj otroka.<\/p>\n

Adaptirana mleka za dojen\u010dke so razdeljena na:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Za\u010detne formule<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nadaljevalne formule<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Posebna hrana za uravnavanje prebave<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Posebna hrana za nedono\u0161en\u010dke<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Posebna hrana iz sojinih beljakovin<\/p>\n

Dvovrstna mle\u010dna hrana<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kdaj govorimo o dvovrstni mle\u010dni prehrani?<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kdaj?<\/p>\n

Skrb za pribor, priprava hrane in hranjenje dojen\u010dka<\/p>\n

RAZLIKE V PREHRANJENOSTI OTROKA, HRANJENEGA Z MML IN KML<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 KML je te\u017eko prebavljivo zaradi prevelike koli\u010dine B (kazein).<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MML vsebuje bistveno ve\u010djo koli\u010dino laktoze kot KML. Laktoza je pomembna za tvorbo \u017eiv\u010dnih mielinskih ovojnic.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V KML prevladujejo nasi\u010dene ma\u0161\u010dobne kisline.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u017deleza je v kravjem mleku ve\u010d kot v MML, vendar se iz MML popolneje resorbira.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V MML je ve\u010d vodotopnih vitaminov.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V KML primanjkuje za\u0161\u010ditnih snovi, zlasti IgA, ki \u0161\u010diti \u010drevesno sluznico.<\/p>\n

Dohranjevanje dojen\u010dkov<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hranjenje dojen\u010dka z me\u0161ano hrano, ki je potrebno zaradi pove\u010danih prehrambenih potreb dojen\u010dka po 6.mesecu starosti.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V prehrano uvajamo le po eno \u017eivilo nekaj dni zapored, da ugotovimo, ali ga otrok dobro prena\u0161a.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vrstni red uvajanja nove hrane: sadni sok, sadna ka\u0161a, juha ali zelenjavna ka\u0161ica, ka\u0161a iz \u017eitaric, meso, rumenjak.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Med sadnimi sokovi dajemo prednost naravni\u00a0 sokovom iz jabolk, hru\u0161k in drugih sade\u017eev, ki naj ne bi bili \u0161kropljeni.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Med \u017eitaricami najprej dajemo tiste, ki nimajo glutena.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Meso in rumenjak za\u010dnemo uvajati po 6. mesecu. Meso mora biti kakovostno, nemastno, najbolj\u0161e je pi\u0161\u010dan\u010dje ali puranje.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rumenjak naj bo trdo kuhan, beljaku se izognemo do 1.leta starosti.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prav tako v 1. letu starosti ne dajemo medu.<\/p>\n

Nemle\u010dne, industrijsko pripravljene konzerve me\u0161ane hrane, namenjene otrokom<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Instant preparati (Frutek).<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sadne konzerve, zelenjavne, zelenjavno mesne.<\/p>\n

Prednosti hranjenja otroka:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 kratek \u010das priprave (potovanje),<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hrana je higiensko neopore\u010dna, sterilna<\/p>\n

Slabe strani:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 otrok se navadi na neizrazit okus, odklanja naravno hrano,<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 gladka, homogena hrana, ki otroka ne vzpodbuja h grizenju,<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 razvoj debelosti zaradi visoke enrgetske vrednosti.<\/p>\n

Prehrana otroka po obdobju dojen\u010dka<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Po prvem letu \u017eivljenja sta rast in pridobivanje TT pri otroku precej konstantna vse do obdobja pubertete, ki je zadnje obdobje intenzivne rasti v \u010dlovekovem \u017eivljenju.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tudi v obdobju malega in pred\u0161olskega otroka mora prehrana pokriti potrebe , ki nastanejo zaradi telesne aktivnosti, \u017eivljenjskega obdobja, klimatskih pogojev ter rasti in razvoja otroka.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Za obdobje pubertete, kot \u010das intenzivne rasti, je zna\u010dilno, da se velik del energije porabi za rast. Otrok ima dodatne potrebe po energiji.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrok se hrani sam in mo\u010dno vpliva na izbiro \u017eivil, ki jih bo zau\u017eil. Odrasli so mu dol\u017eni zagotoviti dnevno tri do pet obrokov.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pomembno je, da so v prehrani zastopana vsa \u017eivila, da je uporaba ma\u0161\u010dob zmerna, da je dovolj sve\u017eih \u017eivil, balasta, beljakovin, ogljikovih hidratov, mineralov in vitaminov.<\/p>\n

POSEBNOSTI ZDRAVSTVENE NEGE TRPIN\u010cENEGA OTROKA<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pojem trpin\u010den otrok ozna\u010duje otroka, ki ga star\u0161i ali skrbniki mu\u010dijo do te mere, da otrok utrpi \u0161kodo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otrok je lahko razli\u010dno zlorabljen. Najpogosteje govorimo o telesni zanemarjenosti ali zlorabljenosti s fizi\u010dnim kaznovanjem, o \u010dustveni ali du\u0161evni zanemarjenosti in spolni zlorabi otroka.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oblike trpin\u010denja otrok: fizi\u010dno nasilje nad otrokom zunaj dru\u017eine, zanemarjanje otroka znotraj dru\u017eine, spolne zlorabe otroka znotraj dru\u017eine, psihi\u010dno oziroma emocionalno zlorabljanje otroka znotraj dru\u017eine, institucionalno trpin\u010denje, zlorabljanje otrok za prostitucijo, zloraba otro\u0161kega dela.<\/p>\n

Pogostnost pojava<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Zna\u010dilno je, da je mo\u017eno registrirati le nekatere primere, ki potrebujejo zdravni\u0161ko pomo\u010d ali pa so za socialno okolje mote\u010di do te mere, da jih sosedje prijavijo pristojni dru\u017ebi. Izredno veliko je takega, kar ni registrirano.<\/p>\n

Zna\u010dilnosti trpin\u010denega otroka<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Najbolj so izpostavljeni dojen\u010dki in majhni otroci do 4. leta starosti.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Skupine otrok, ki so bolj izpostavljeni: nedono\u0161en\u010dki, nezakonski otroci, otroci z anomalijami, dvoj\u010dki, otroci, ki so bili spo\u010deti v \u010dasu materine depresivnosti, otroci mater, ki so pogosto nose\u010de in te\u017eko delajo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Telesno kaznovanje \u0161olskih otrok zaradi neuspeha v \u0161oli.<\/p>\n

Zna\u010dilnosti storilcev<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Storilci so star\u0161i ali njihovi namestniki. Ve\u010d mater kot o\u010detov.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prevladujejo mladi star\u0161i.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Storilci ka\u017eejo antisocialne oblike vedenja.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dru\u017eine so izolirane od okolice, imajo ve\u010dje \u0161tevilo otrok.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prisotna kaznovalnost, nasilnost, odklanjanje, sovra\u0161tvo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trpine\u010denje je pogostej\u0161e v dru\u017einah alkoholikov in narkomanov.<\/p>\n

Klini\u010dna slika trpin\u010denega otroka<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Posledice fizi\u010dnega obra\u010dunavanja, ki se ka\u017eejo na ko\u017ei in v podko\u017eju, na okostju, lasi\u0161\u010du.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Te\u017eje opredeljive so posledice zanemarjanja otrok.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pri podhranjenem otroku je lahko vzrok materino neznanje, ekonomsko stanje dru\u017eine.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Te\u017eko je tudi opredeliti du\u0161evno zanemarjanje in krutost do otroka.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Telesne po\u0161kodbe so predvsem posledica udarca, zvina, naklepne opekline.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Podplutbe so na razli\u010dnih delih telesa, ki so obi\u010dajno tudi razli\u010dnih barv (razli\u010dno stare) in ka\u017eejo na to, da je otrok pogosto tepen.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Na licu vidimo zna\u010dilne po\u0161kodbe. Podplutba ima obliko dlani s prsti.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pasaste podplutbe po telesu so posledica pretepanja z usnjenim pasom.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Po\u0161kodbe glave: periorbitalni hematomi, zlomi nosnih kosti, polomljeni zobje, ple\u0161asta mesta na lasi\u0161\u010du.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Neposreden udarec v glavo je lahko vzrok subduralnega hematoma, ki se ka\u017ee s kr\u010di, nezavestjo in komo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Na prsnem ko\u0161u so zna\u010dilni zaporedni zlomi reber (hematotoraks, pnevmotoraks).<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Po\u0161kodbe trebuha (po\u010dena vranica).<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Spolne zlorabe so predvsem raztrganine in zme\u010dkanine vulve in skrotuma.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Skelet: frakture spodnjih okon\u010din otrok, ki \u0161e ne hodijo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Naklepne opekline se ka\u017eejo kot o\u017eganine od cigaret, ope\u010dena ko\u017ea v obliki likalnika. Zna\u010dilne so tudi opekline stegen, AG predela, trebuha in hrbta, medtem ko stopala in roke niso prizadete. To je posledica kaznovanja, ko so otroka porinili v vrelo vodo.<\/p>\n

Pri trpin\u010denih otrocih je zna\u010dilno, da se klini\u010dna slika ne ujema z izjavami star\u0161ev.<\/p>\n

Ukrepi zdravstvene slu\u017ebe pri ugotovljenem trpin\u010denju ali le sumu nanj<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Zdravnik ali patrona\u017ena MS sta prva, ki se sre\u010data s trpin\u010denim otrokom.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroka je potrebno vzeti iz doma\u010dega varstva. Hospitalizacija v prvi fazi.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tim razli\u010dnih strokovnjakov.<\/p>\n

NOTTINGHAMOV MODEL<\/strong><\/p>\n

KONCEPT – otrok in star\u0161i so v sredi\u0161\u010du pozornosti, enakovreden partnerski odnos med medicinsko sestro, otrokom in star\u0161i<\/p>\n

PREDNOSTI – fizi\u010dni, psihi\u010dni, du\u0161evni in socialni razvoj otroka<\/p>\n

CILJI – vzdr\u017eevanje stika med otrokom in star\u0161i (obiski), vzpodbujanjestar\u0161ev, da sodelujejo pri zdravstveni negi svojega otroka, v ospredju so otrokovi interesi in potrebe ter tudi potrebe star\u0161e<\/p>\n

FAZE PROCESA ZDRAVSTVENE NEGE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ugotavljanje potreb otroka in star\u0161ev<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fizi\u010dne, psihi\u010dne, socialne potrebe<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Okolje v katerem otrok \u017eivi<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Skrb za zdravje<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prepri\u010danja, vrednote<\/p>\n

Na\u010drtovanje<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Potrebe \/ problemi otroka in star\u0161ev<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Na\u010drt mora biti sestavljen tako, da ga razumeta otrok in star\u0161i<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sodelovanje otroka in star\u0161ev<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Spanje in po\u010ditek<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hranjenje in pitje<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dihanje<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Osebna higiena in urejenost, obla\u010denje in sla\u010denje<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Telesna temperatura<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Komunikacija<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gibanje<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Varnost<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Igra, u\u010denje<\/p>\n

Izvajanje<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Izvajanje na\u010drtovanih intervencij<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 U\u010denje, spodbujanje in demonstracija posameznih intervencij<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Maslowa hiearhi\u010dna lestvica potreb<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Otroku in njegovi dru\u017eini razlo\u017eimo zakaj je potrebno izvesti na\u010drtovane intervencije ZN.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sodelovanje otroka in njegove dru\u017eine pri izvajanju na\u010drtovanih intervencij ZN.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Podpisi<\/p>\n

Vrednotenje<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vrednotenje postavljenih ciljev<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sposobnost star\u0161ev za nego svojega otroka v doma\u010dem okolju ter pravo\u010dasno prepoznavanje znakov obolenja<\/p>\n

SKLEP<\/strong><\/p>\n

Otrok in dru\u017eina sta v sredi\u0161\u010du zdravstvene obravnave. Celostna obravnava otroka in dru\u017eine.<\/p>\n

Enakovredno partnerstvo med medicinsko sestro, otrokom in njegovo dru\u017eino.<\/p>\n

PRIPRAVA OTROKA NA BOLNI\u0160NI\u010cNO OBRAVNAVO<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Programirani sprejemi<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Zmanj\u0161evanje psihi\u010dnega hospitalizma<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ogled bolni\u0161nice, bolni\u0161kega oddelka in sobe<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Predstavitev zaposlenih<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Uporaba videoposnetkov, knji\u017eic, slik, fotografij, igra\u010d, lutk, katetrov, sond……….<\/p>\n

ZDRAVSTVENA NEGA OTROKA\u00a0 Z\u00a0 AKUTNO ALERGIJSKO REAKCIJO<\/strong><\/p>\n

AKUTNA\u00a0 ALERGIJSKA\u00a0 REAKCIJA<\/p>\n

SKUPEK\u00a0 BURNIH\u00a0 DOGAJANJ OMEJENIH NA EN ORGAN ALI VE\u010c ORGANSKIH SISTEMOV,\u00a0 ki jih spro\u017ei spro\u0161\u010danje histamina\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 in OGRO\u017dA BOLNIKOVO \u017dIVLJENJE.<\/p>\n

SPREJEM\u00a0 OTROKA\u00a0 IN\u00a0 NALOGE\u00a0 MS\u00a0 OB\u00a0 SPREJEMU<\/p>\n

NAMESTITEV V PRAVILEN POLO\u017dAJ<\/p>\n

MERJENJE\u00a0 VITALNIH\u00a0 FUNKCIJ<\/p>\n

I.V.KANAL<\/p>\n

APL.ZDRAVIL (po naro\u010dilu zdravnika)<\/p>\n

OPAZOVANJE<\/p>\n

ANTROPOLO\u0160KE MERITVE<\/p>\n

NEGOVALNA ANAMNEZA (V \u010cASU 12 UR)<\/p>\n

NAMESTITEV OTROKA V SOBO Z O2 IN MONITORJEM<\/p>\n

OPAZOVANJE BOLNIKA Z AKUTNO ALERGIJSKO REAKCIJO<\/p>\n

Odvajanje in izlo\u010danje<\/p>\n

Prehranjevanje in pitje<\/p>\n

Telesna temperatura<\/p>\n

Ko\u017ea\u00a0 in\u00a0 sluznice – najo\u010ditnej\u0161i\u00a0 kazalec\u00a0 poslab\u0161anja<\/p>\n

OTROK\u00a0 Z\u00a0 ALERGIJO\u00a0 NA\u00a0 ZDRAVILA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Predvsem\u00a0 antibiotiki<\/p>\n

Ko\u017eno testiranje<\/p>\n

Provokacijski test<\/p>\n

Soglasje<\/p>\n

Opazovanje<\/p>\n

OTROK\u00a0 Z\u00a0 ALERGIJO\u00a0 NA\u00a0 STRUP KO\u017dOKRILCEV<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osa in \u010debela<\/p>\n

Navodila za ukrepe ob ponovnem piku<\/p>\n

Specifi\u010dna imunoterapija<\/p>\n

ZA ZMANJ\u0160EVANJE TVEGANJA\u00a0 PONOVNEGA PIKA DAMO POSEBNA NAVODILA:<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 naj otrok na prostem ne je in pije sladkih pija\u010d in naj ne hodi bos po travi<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 v \u010dasu sezone sadja naj se ne zadr\u017euje na tr\u017enicah<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 previdnost pri \u0161portih na prostem – znoj privla\u010di\u00a0 \u017eu\u017eelke<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 naj otrok ne krili z rokami, ko pride v stik z \u017eu\u017eelkami<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 naj se ne zadr\u017euje v bli\u017eini sadovnjakov in \u010debelnjakov<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 naj ne uporablja di\u0161av, parfumov<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 stanovanje naj bo zaprto<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 star\u0161e opozorimo, da o zdravstvenem stanju otroka obvestijo sorodnike, u\u010ditelje, vzgojitelje in jih seznanijo z ukrepi<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 star\u0161e seznanimo z nadaljnjimi postopki diagnostike in zdravljenja<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

OTROK\u00a0 Z\u00a0 ALERGIJO\u00a0 NA\u00a0 CEPIVA<\/strong><\/p>\n

OMR,\u00a0 Di-Te-Per-Polio-HiB<\/p>\n

KO\u017dNI TESTI<\/p>\n

FRAKCIONIRANO CEPLENJE<\/p>\n

VKLJU\u010cEVANJE STAR\u0160EV<\/p>\n

SKRB ZA PSIHOFIZI\u010cNO UGODJE<\/p>\n

OPAZOVANJE, MERITVE<\/p>\n

SKRB ZA VARNOST<\/p>\n

NAVODILA\u00a0 STAR\u0160EM<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

ZDRAVSTVENA\u00a0 NEGA\u00a0 OTROKA\u00a0 Z\u00a0 ALERGIJO\u00a0 NA\u00a0 HRANO<\/em><\/p>\n

NAJPOGOSTEJ\u0160I\u00a0 ALERGENI:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u017eivalskega izvora (beljakovine kravjega mleka, jajca, ribe,…),<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 rastlinskega\u00a0 izvora (ara\u0161idi,ore\u0161\u010dki, \u010dokolada,…)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 konzervansi in aditivi<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Za\u010dimbe (cimet, majaron,…)<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

ALERGIJSKE\u00a0 REAKCIJE<\/strong><\/p>\n

LOKALNE- na mestu kjer alergen vstopa v telo<\/p>\n

SISTEMSKE – anafilakti\u010dni \u0161ok – stopnje<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

VRSTE\u00a0 SPREJEMOV<\/em><\/p>\n

PROGRAMSKI – NA\u00a0 DIAGNOSTI\u010cNO OBRAVNAVO<\/p>\n

URGENTNI – OB\u00a0 POJAVU ALERGIJE ZA MEDIKAMENTOZNO ZDRAVLJENJE IN OPAZOVANJE<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

SPREJEM OTROKA\u00a0 Z\u00a0 ALERGIJO\u00a0 NA\u00a0 HRANO<\/em><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ocena\u00a0 trenutnega\u00a0 zdravstvenega\u00a0 stanja<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Merjenje vitalnih funkcij<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Antropolo\u0161ke meritve<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Higienska ureditev<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Natan\u010dna negovalna anamneza<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

BIVANJE OTROKA\u00a0 NA ODDELKU<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u017dIVLJENJSKE<\/em> AKTIVNOSTI<\/em>!!!<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ugotavljanje\u00a0 potreb<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Na\u010drtovanje aktivnosti<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Izvajanje na\u010drtovanih aktivnosti<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vrednotenje dose\u017eenega stanja<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

PREHRANJEVANJE\u00a0 IN\u00a0 PITJE<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Uvedba diete in izlo\u010ditev alergogenih \u017eivil<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Opazovanje otroka ob uvajanju diete<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vztrajnost\u00a0 pri uvajanju diete<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Psihi\u010dna podpora otroku in star\u0161em<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

STANJE\u00a0 KO\u017dE IN SLUZNIC<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Opazovanje ko\u017ee in sluznic<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Aplikacija zdravil (po naro\u010dilu zdravnika)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Skrb za redno nego ko\u017ee in sluznic<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

DIHANJE<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MERJENJE FREKVENCE DIHANJA IN sat O2<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NAMESTITEV V PRAVILEN POLO\u017dAJ<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 APLIKACIJA ZDRAVIL (PO NARO\u010cILU ZDRAVNIKA)<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

ODVAJANJE\u00a0 IN\u00a0 IZLO\u010cANJE<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Opazovanje sprememb\u00a0 pri\u00a0 odvajanju blata<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bele\u017eenje pogostosti odvajanja<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apl.klizme (zdravnikovo naro\u010dilo)<\/p>\n


\n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

MAJHEN IN PRED\u0160OLSKI OTROK Majhen otrok ali mal\u010dek je otrok od 1. do 3. leta starosti. Pred\u0161olski otrok je otrok do vstopa v \u0161olo. Rast in razvoj majhnega otroka –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rast je po\u010dasnej\u0161a kot pri dojen\u010dku (zmanj\u0161an apetit, pove\u010dana fizi\u010dna aktivnost) –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sistematski pregled – psihofizi\u010dni razvoj –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ve\u010dina otrok po 1. letu samostojno hodi … Preberi ve\u010d o ZN otroka in mladostnika zapiski 2.del<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":336,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[934],"tags":[946,954,949,957,948,952,953,950,958,955,951,947,956,959],"class_list":["post-753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-2-letnik-zdravstvena-nega-otroka-in-mladostnika","tag-2letnik-zdravstvena-nega-otroka-in-mladostnika","tag-dohranjevanje-dojencka","tag-majhen-otrok","tag-nottinghamov-model","tag-predsolski-otrok","tag-prehrambeno-stanje-otroka","tag-prehrana-otroka","tag-rast-in-razvoj-otroka","tag-sprejem-otroka-v-bolnico","tag-trpincen-otrok","tag-vzdrzevanje-igrac","tag-zapiski-zdravstvena-nega-otroka","tag-zdravstvena-nega-trpincenega-otroka","tag-zn-otroka-z-alergijsko-reakcijo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/753","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/336"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=753"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/753\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=753"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=753"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zdravstvena.info\/vsznj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=753"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}