anterior – the front of the body
posterior – the back of the body
superior– upper
cranial – in the direction of the head
inferior – bottom
caudal – in the direction of the feet?
medial – closer to the midline
lateral – further away from the midline
proximal – nearer the trunk
distal – further away from the trunk
peripheral – further away from the trunk
median plane – vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body dividing it into right and left halves
sagittal plane – vertical plane that passes through the sagittal suture of the skull
coronal plane – vertical plane that passes through the coronal suture of the skull at right angles to the sagittal
transverse = horizontal planes – cross sections of the body
supine position – lying on his back
prone position – lying face down
SYNONYMS:
anterior – front
posterior – back
distal – peripheral
inferior – caudal
superior – above – cranial – cephalic
OPPOSITES:
superficial – deep
distal – proximal
medial – lateral
inner – outer
anterior – posterior
superior – inferior
afferent – efferent
supine – prone
upper – bottom
ventral – dorsal
cephalic – caudal
caudal – cranial
internal – external
sinister – dexter
-logist = an expert / one who specializes
-path/o, -pathy = disease, suffering
-pathy = feeling, sensation, perception
-tomy = cutting / (surgical) incision
-iatrics, -iatry = the sum of knowledge in specific medical fields
andr/o = man
anthrop/o = human
arthr/o = joint
cardi/o = heart
cephal/o = head
cyst/o = bladder
dent/o = teeth
gastr/o = stomach
gyne/c/o = woman
hemat/o = blood
hepat/o = liver
laryng/o = larynx
lingu/a, lingu/o, gloss/o = tounge
my/o = muscle
nephr/o = kidneys
ophtalm/o = eye
ot/o = ear
pod/o = feet
pulm/o/no, pneum/o = lungs
rhin/o = nose
soma/t/o = body
stoma/t/o = mouth
pan, pant/o = everything, all
ex, ec = out, away
syn, sym = with, together
-logy = study of
-tomy = cutting, incision
-ectomy = cutting out, excision
-itis = inflammation
-scopy = visual examination
-scope= an instrument to examine
hyster = womb
osteo = bone
micro = small
macro = big
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY =the science or study of the ear, nose and throat
OPHTHALMOSCOPY=visual examination of the eye
null/i = none
un/i, mon/o = one
bi, di, dy, dicho, duo = two
tri =three
tetra, quadr/i, quad = four
prim/i, prim/o =first
secund/i = second
terti = third
omni = all, everywhere
ambi = both or both sides
semi = half
hemi = half
phobia =a strong, irrational fear of something that poses little or no actual danger;
dislike, hatred of
…phobia=fear of…
acrophobia = heights
agoraphobia = public places
algophobia = pain
androphobia = males
aquaphobia / hydrophobia = water
arachnophobia = spiders
bacillophobia, bacteriophobia, microphobia = microbes and bacteria
erotophobia = sexual love or sexual questions
erythrophobia = blushing
hemophobia, haemophobia = blood
mysophobia = germs, contamination or dirt
necrophobia = death, the dead
nosophobia = contractiong a diseade
panphobia = everything, or constantly afraid without knowing what is causing it
sociophobia = fear/dislike of society or people in general
xenophobia = strangers, foreigners
claustrophobia = closed spaces
philia, phil/o = love of;
paraphilia = abnormal, sexual attraction
algophilia = abnormal pleasure in receiving or inflicting pain
gerontophilia = sexual attraction to the elderly among the non-elderly
necrophilia= sexual attraction to or sexual contact with dead bodies
coprophilia =sexual pleasure of faeces
pedophilia = mental disorder with a preferential or exclusive sexual attraction by adults to children
ephebophilia = sexual attraction to adolescents
podophilia = sexual interest in feet
zoophilia= intercourse or other sexual activity with animals
nyctophilia=a preference for the night or darkness
plasty –moulding, shaping, rebuilding by surgery
rhinoplasty – plastic surgery of the nose
mammoplasty, mastoplasty – …breasts
otoplasty – …ear
arthroplasty – …joint
lipoplasty – liposuction
oid – like, resembling; having the appearance of
antrhopoid- …human
dentoid- toothlike
sigmoid – letter Σ
osteoid – …bone
android – …man
gynecoid – …woman
ovoid – …egg
AD – towards, in direction of
dextrad – towards the right side
sinistrad – towards the left side
ad infinitum – continue forever, without limit
ad libitum /ad lib – without restraint, as desired, without limit
en, em, endo – in, within
dia – through
com, con, col – with, together
bene – good, well
eu – good, well, normal
pan –all, everything
dys – painful, difficult
ante – before, in front
acro – topmost, extremity
a, an – not, without
in, en, endo – in, inside
post – after, later
nyct – night
sym, syn – with, together
com, con, col – with, together
micro – small in size
macro – great in size
mal – bad, abnormal
hyper – above, excessive, beyond
tachy – swift, rapid, quick
pne/o, pne/a – reffering to breathing
orexia – reffering to appetite
dys – difficult or painful, abnormal
hypo – below, less than normal
in, il, ir, im – not, lack of;
in, within, into
prefixes that mean without, not:
immature – not mature
imbalance – without balance
incontinence – without continence
irrational – without reason
impotence – without potence
inflexible – not flexible
insomnia – wihtout sleep
prefixes that mean inside:
incisor
in vitro
in utero
incision
implantation
induction
inflammation
influx
infusion
ingest
injection
the body systems:
NERVOUS
SENSORY
RESPIRATORY
CARDIOVASCULAR
DIGESTIVE
URINARY
REPRODUCTIVE
MUSCULOSKELETAL
INTEGUMENTARY
ENDOCRINE
IMMUNE
ad lib (ad libitum) – freely, limitless
on (omni nocte) – every night
T, P, BP, R – vital signs (temperature, pulse, blood pressure, respiration)
pm (post mortem)– after death
(post meridiem) – afternoon
ac (ante cibum) – before meals
pc (post cibum) – after meals
neg – negative
npo (nil per os) – nothing through mouth
NED – no evidence of disease
WNL – within normal limits
po (per os) – through mouth
SOB – shortness of breath
F, ♀ – female
M, ♂ – male
Dx (Dg) – diagnosis
susceptible
triggered
overexerting
grinding
clenching
dull
vice
persistent
severe
disturbances
nausea
throbbing
pounding
pulsating
| SPECIALTY | SPECIALIST | field |
| PATHOLOGY | PATHOLOGIST | disease |
| NEUROLOGY | NEUROLOGIST | nervous conditions and diseases |
| GYNECOLOGY | GYNECOLOGIST | female reproductive system |
| ENDOCRINOLOGY | ENDOCRINOLOGIST | glands of internal secretion |
| CARDIOLOGY | CARDIOLOGIST | heart |
| OPHTHALMOLOGY | OPHTHALMOLOGIST | eye |
| OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY | OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGIST | ear, nose, throat |
| HEMATOLOGY | HEMATOLOGIST | blood |
| NEPHROLOGY | NEPHROLOGIST | kidney |
| PULMONOLOGY | PULMONOLOGIST | lungs |
| STOMATOLOGY | STOMATOLOGIST | mouth, teeth |
| DERMATOLOGY | DERMATOLOGIST | skin |
| HEPATOLOGY | HEPATOLOGIST | liver |
| OBSTETRICS | OBSTETRICIAN | pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium |
| GERIATRICS | GERIATRICIAN | elderly |
| PEDIATRICS | PEDIATRICIAN | children |
| PSYCHIATRY | PSYCHIATRIST | mental disorders |
| PODIASTRY | PODIATRIST | lower leg, foot |
| PSYCHOLOGY | PSYCHOLOGIST | mental processes and behaviour |
| NURSING | NURSE | healthcare, nursing of the sick and the healthy |
nosocomial infections = hospital acquired infections
virulent
resistant
addmission TO
discharge FROM
susceptible TO
resistant TO
staff
host
contaminated
disposable
vectors
immunodeficiency
precautions
handwashing
hazard
sanitizing surfaces
disinfection
dispensable=replaceable=disposable
contagious=contaminating=infectious
five main routes of transmission of microorg.:
- contact transmission
- direct-contact transmission
- indirect-contact transmission
- droplet transmission
- airborne transmission
- common vehicle transmission
- vector borne transmission
five ways of preventing nosocomial infections:
- isolation
- frequent handwashing
- sanitizing surfaces
- wearing gloves, an apron…
- controlling and monitoring hospital indoor air quality
CAUSATIVE / INFECTIOUS AGENT
pathogens (microorganisms that are capable of causing diseases of infections)
- helminths
- viruses
- protozoan/protozoa
- bacterium/bacteria
- fungus/fungi
(ways to break the chain of infection)
- immunization against infectious diseases
- early diagnosis of infectious diseases
- isolation of infected persons
- collection and disposal of waste in commun.
- provision of a pure water supply
- adequate drainage and sewerage facilities
RESERVOID / SOURCE
- animate reservoirs (people, insects, birds, other animals)
- inanimate reservoirs (soil, water, food, feces, intravenous fluid and equipment)
(ways to break the chain of infection)
- elimination of sources of infection
- appropriate handling and disposal of body secretions
- appropriate handling, segregation and disposal of contaminated items or waste
PORTAL OF EXIT
- upper respiratory tract (saliva, sneezing, coughing)
- gastrointestinal tract (feces, vomitus)
- blood (infected blood)
- urogenital tract (semen, vaginal secretions, infected urine)
- skin and mucous membranes (discharges from infected skin lesions and infected wounds)
(ways to break the chain of infection)
- standard precautions when handling excreta, exudate, and soiled linen
- cover nose/mouth when sneezing/coughing
- dispose of facial tissues immediately after use
METHOD/MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- fluids (water, human body fluids)
- food (food spoilage, handling, preparation, storage)
- flies (fleas, ticks, lice, mosquitoes, flies)
- fingers (hands of staff…)
- fomites (equipment, instruments, soiled linen, toilet bowls, telephones…)
- feces
(ways to break the chain of infection)
- correct handwashing
- single use equipment
- cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of reusable instruments and equpment
PORTAL OF ENTRY
- inhalation
- ingestion
- needlestick injury
- sexual contact
- open wound or punctures, ulcers
(ways to break the chain of infection)
- implementation of aseptic techniques
- use of sterile equipment
- maintenance of skin and mucous membrane integrity
HOST
- susceptible host
(ways to break the chain of infection)
- immunization against infectious diseases
- acquired immunity
- maintenance of mucous membranes and skin integrity
- healthy life style
- high standard of personal hygiene
- appropriate management of chronic illnesses